EVIDENCE OF GENDER INEQUALITIES AND DIFFERENCE Flashcards
WORKPLACE- Hakim
- Hakim researched the differences in the distribution of male and female workers across the occupational structure.
- Hakim referred to these differences as occupational segregation, and suggests there are two types- horizontal and vertical.
WORKPLACE- Horizontal segregation…
This refers to the idea that men and women are concentrated in different types of jobs in different sectors of the economy.
WORKPLACE- Vertical segregation…
This refers to the idea that women occupy lower levels of pay and status in particular jobs.
WORKPLACE- EOC
They found that women working in the private sector were over concentrated in clerical, administrative, retail and personal services sector whereas men are mainly found in skilled manual and upper professional sectors.
WORKPLACE- Office of National Statistics
Found that men and women are still likely to follow very different career paths. Men were x10 more likely to be employed in skilled trades and were more likely to be managers and senior officials. Women were more likely to work in personal services and sales. This meant that women were not as likely to occupy positions which are high paid.
WORKPLACE- Vertical segregation evidence to suggest that…
- There is evidence to suggest that women tend to be concentrated at the lower levels.
- There is also evidence to suggest that when women do gain access to the upper professional or management sector they encounter a glass ceiling. This means that promotions do seem possible for women however barriers are created which prevent women occupying these positions.
WORKPLACE- In 2007…
In 2007, male primary school teachers were three times more likely than female primary teachers to become head teachers.
WORKPLACE- In 2008…
In 2008 it was found that women only made up to 11% of directors of the top 100 British companies, a quarter of NHS consultants and 10% of high court judges.
HOME- intro…
- Although women are more likely to be in paid employment now compared to previous years, they still tend to be seen as the homemakers in the family.
- Part-time and flexible working arrangements can complement their role as a homemaker.
HOME- Triple shift…
It has been suggested that women work a triple shift, meaning they have paid work, emotional work (caring for the children and husband) and housework in the family.
HOME- Dual role…
Sociologists have suggested that women can have a dual role, meaning they play an active role in both the public and private domestic spheres. Therefore, women have more responsibilities and expectations than men.
HOME- Seager…
- Seager used time-use diaries to research the number of hours men and women used weekly on certain tasks.
- It was found that women spent more time on domestic activities and men spent more time on paid work.
- It was also found that men had more leisure and rest time than women.
INCOME- In 1975…
In 1975 women only earned about 71% of the average full time male wage. This gap has since narrowed, however, in 2007 there was still a gap of 17%.
INCOME- Legislation’s…
There is still disadvantage present in society as even though legislation’s has been introduced, gender inequalities are still apparent.
INCOME- When examining the hourly pay rate in specific occupations…
- the pay gap is greater than 12%, and in the private sector it rises to 22%
- the pay gap is still present in the top positions of work in society
