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Intro to Environmental Science > Evir. Science Exam #3 > Flashcards

Evir. Science Exam #3 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Changing in gene frequency within a population from 1 generation to the next

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2
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Populations that contain genetically different individuals, which is needed for populations to evolve

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3
Q

Genetic Mutation

A

changes in DNA structure

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4
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

combination of traits arising from both parents

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5
Q

Natural Selection must have

A

genetic variation and selective pressure

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6
Q

Higher genetic variation means

A

the better chance individuals can withstand or thrive changing environmental conditions

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7
Q

What are the 2 main sources for genetic diversity?

A

Genetic mutation and genetic recombination

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8
Q

Natural selection must have both

A

genetic variation and selective pressure

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9
Q

Adaptations

A

traits favored by the environment

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10
Q

What is true about the evolutionary processes?

A

Evolution acts on existing genetic variation

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11
Q

Steps in Natural Selection

A
  1. Individuals with the best adaptations survive and reproduce
  2. The population contains more of the better-adapted individuals
  3. Changes in how common certain genes are
  4. The population has experienced evolution
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12
Q

Individuals are _____ for, populations ____

A

selected, evolve

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13
Q

Directional Selection

A

continually favors a particular extreme of the trait

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14
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

favors the norm and selects against extremes

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15
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

favors the extremes but selects against the intermediate forms

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16
Q

Coevolution

A

when 2 species provide pressure determining which of the other’s trait is favored by natural selection

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17
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Pure chance and random mating that increases or decreases the frequency of a trait

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18
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Part of the population dies suddenly, leaving the survivors left to produce a new generation

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19
Q

Founder Effect

A

Small group contains only some of the original variants and becomes isolated

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20
Q

What is the change in gene frequency within a population called?

A

Evolution

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21
Q

Evolution can occur when random mating eliminates some genes from the population. This is called

A

genetic drift

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22
Q

Artificial Selection

A

selecting individuals to breed and produce a population with desired traits

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23
Q

Evolutionary fitness

A

measures the relative ability of an individual to produce viable, fertile offspring, relative to other individuals in the population

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24
Q

Which group of organisms have we identified the most species?

A

Insects

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25
Biodiversity
the variety of life on Early, includes genetics species, and ecological diversity
26
What regions have the highest biodiversity?
Tropical
27
Nature is approximately worth
$125,000,000,000,000
28
Genetic Biodiversity
heritable variation among individuals of a single population
29
Species Biodiversity
variety of species, including richness and evenness
30
Ecological Biodiversity
variety within an ecosystem's structure including many communities, habitats, niches, and trophic levels
31
Biodiversity Hotspots
areas that have high endemism and have lost at least 70% of their orginal habitat and contain a large number of endangered species
32
Examples of biodiversity hotspots
Tropical Andes and Polynesia-Micronesia
33
Endemic Species
Plant and animal species that only exist at 1 location on Earth
34
Examples of endemic species
the galapagos penguin and marine iguana
35
What is the world's 36th biodiversity hotspot?
North American Coastal Plain
36
What percentage of endemic species lives on the hawaiian islands?
90%
37
What describes how isolation affects the ability of a population to adapt to changes?
Harder for a population to adapt because individuals can't breed with other populations
38
What is the #1 threat to biodiversity?
Habitat Destruction
39
Habitat Destruction
human activities that reduce ecosystem size and unique habitats within
40
Fragmentation
loss part of a larger habitat, leaves patches which may be no suitable for species needing large expanses
41
Overharvesting
populations harvested faster than they can reproduce with crash and some species are more vulnerable than others
42
Invasive Species Pollution
may outcompete or displace native species, have a lack of predators, and can drive native species to extinction
43
Pollution
directly impacts biodiversity, organisms are sensitive to small changes, and pollutants can build up through food webs and affect many species
44
Climate Change
shifting weather patterns can alter or eliminate habitat
45
Conservation Biology
the science of preserving biodiversity
46
Threatened Species
species at risk of extinction
47
Characteristics of Endangered Species
extremely small range, require a large terrritory, living on an island, have a low reproductive success, small population size, low reproductive rates, require specialized breeding areas, specialized feeding habitats
48
Ex-situ Conservation
Off-site conservation tactic
49
Examples of Ex-situ Conservation
zoos seed banks captive breeding programs
50
In-situ Conservation
On-site conservation tactic
51
Examples of In-situ Conservation
landscape habitat protection ecosystem restoration habitat corridors
52
Captive Breeding Programs
individuals carefully chosen to maximize genetic diverstiy and reared to no associate humans with food to facitlitate eventual release
53
Reintroduction Programs
individuals from captive breeding programs or other wild populations are reintroduced to an area with suitable habitat and protection
54
Seed Banks
stored seeds kept saf from habitat destruction and climate warming and is used to preserve genetic diversity adn reintroduce extinct plant species
55
Ecosystem conservation
focuses on propecting habitats and protects all species living there
56
Landscape conservation
targets a suite of species that all use vital areas of the habitat
57
Ecosystem restoration
protects species habitat and often benefit other species
58
Ecosystem restoration could include
replanting reintroducing native species removing invasive species cleanup of damage or pollution
59
Conservation genetics
used to identify endangered populations and track illegal sale or trade of endangered species
60
Protected habitats
wildlife refuges and wilderness areas that are generally open to visitors and hunting/fishing but not commercially developed
61
Nature Reserves
closed to hunting and fishing (main goal is to protect wildlife)
62
Habitat Corridors
allow animals to move safely between habitat fragments
63
Wildlife Management
work to keep animal populations well maintained and can focus on preserving species and/or managing nuisance animals
64
Endangered Species Act of 1973
Mandated protection of a list of species - Prohibits "taking" species, regardless of land ownership - Includes capture, hunting, collection, and any conduct that might damage a species' ability to reproduce
65
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973)
Regulates sale and trade of endangered or threatened species or products Effectiveness is debatable due to the black market
66
Ecotourism
low impact travel to natural areas that contributes to environmental protection and respects local people
67
Debt-for-nature Swaps
preservation of natural areas funded by an agreement where a nation forgives part of the debt of a developing nation
68
Nonprofit Organizations
raises awareness, fund conservation projects, create land protections
69
Consumer Choices
buy products from businesses that help conservation efforts (fair trade products)
70
What are the 3 categories that we get from nature?
Cultural benefits, human provisions, ecosystem services and support
71
What are the causes of biodiversity loss?
Habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, overharvesting, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and altered patterns of disturbance
72
List the 9 categories of the IUCN Red List
extinct, extinct in the wild, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, least concerned data deficient, not evaluated

Intro to Environmental Science (3 decks)

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