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Developmental Biology > Evo Devo > Flashcards

Flashcards in Evo Devo Deck (18)
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1
Q

Pharyngula stage

A

Embryos of vertebrates appear similar- developmental hourglass bottleneck

Still have morphological differences

2
Q

Modularity

A

One of two fundamental properties that dictate evolution if development

Development of anatomical units can be altered without affecting other organ systems

Also key feature of gene regulation- enhancers are modular

3
Q

Reuse

A

Use same molecules in different contexts means don’t have to evolve many different types

Molecular parsimony

One of two fundamental properties that dictate evolution if development

4
Q

Duplication degeneration complementation model

A

Force et al

A mutation can result in:
Nonfuctionalism
Subfuntionalism (partitioning of ancestral functions between two new copies)
Neofunctionalism

Seen in many gene families: Hox, globulin, collagen

5
Q

Paralogues

A

Duplicated genes

6
Q

Transcription factors bind to

A

Regulatory sequences

If this sequence in one copy mutates: pseudogene

7
Q

Hox genes

A

Encode TFs

Expressed in diff regions along the AP axis

Number and arrangement varies

8
Q

How many duplications in the whole Hox cluster in deuterostomes? Where?

A

Two

Once at the base of the chordates, again at the base of the teleosts

9
Q

Duplications in Hox genes led to

A

Subfunctionalism
Neofunctionalism

Different spatial expressions (e.g. Led to segmented body plan in Arthropods)

Thought to underlie Cambrian explosion

10
Q

Deep homology

A

When signal transduction pathways use the same proteins in the same order for the same function

Eg. Pax6 and eye development
Chordin/BMP4 and NS development

11
Q

Heterotypy

A

Mutation in protein coding sequence

Eg. Insects only have 6 legs because mutation in ultrabithorax inhibits distal-less

Corn mutation in Tga1 exposes corns

Mammals: sequence of Hox11 protein changed so that it associates with the Foxo TF- changes it from a repressor to an activator. Enables upregulation of prolactin, key in evolution of placental mammals

12
Q

Mutations in Hox cause

A

Changes downstream in the signal transduction pathway

13
Q

Heterotophy

A

Change in spatial expression of genes

Eg. Turtle changed where it expressed fgf10 to expand rib growth and form shell

Gremlin domain expansion inhibits apoptosis caused by BMP4 to produce webbed feet

14
Q

Heterometry

A

Change in the amount of gene product

Overexpression of shh in blind cavefish downregulates pax 6 so eyes don’t develop, increases jaw size and number of tastebuds

Changes in expression of BMP and calmodulin alter beak morphology in finches

15
Q

Allometry

A

Differential growth rates

Eg. Whales: Enormous growth of maxilla and premaxilla pushes over the frontal bone and forces nose to top to form blow hole, allows highly specialised jaw apparatus

16
Q

Heterochrony

A

Changes in timing of gene expression or a change in relative timing of developmental stages

Marsupials- more developed limbs

Neoteny: axolotl doesn’t undergo metamorphosis so still has gills. Controlled by thyroid hormone, can induce metamorphosis by injecting thyroid hormone

17
Q

Humans=neotenous apes?

A

Human head like juvenile chimp

Heterochrony in human brain as high growth rate continues after birth but doesn’t in chimps

18
Q

Developmental constraints on evolution

A

Physical
Morphogenetic (eg. Reaction diffusion mathematics)
Phyletic (needs restrict variety)