EvOl Bio Flashcards
(26 cards)
What refers to the change in allelic frequencies or the heritable expression of those alleles in a population across generation
Evolution
What refers to the successful production of vaible offspring ,i.e. reproductive sucess
Fitness
It refers to group of population of interbreeding individuals capable of producing viable offspring
Species
It refers to heritable changes that are not due to changes in DNA sequences but due to expression of DNA methylation and histone modification
epigenetic changes.
It refers to the subtrate of evolution
Genetic variation
What are the five mechanism of evolution
Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutation
Non-random mating
The process by which organisms with traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation.
Natural selection
Random changes in the frequency of alleles in a population over time, particularly in small populations, due to chance events rather than natural selection.
Genetic drift
The transfer of genetic material between different populations of the same species, reducing genetic differences between them.
Gene flow
The ultimate source of genetic variation, as new alleles arise through mutations in DNA. It can be passed on to offspring and contribute to genetic diversity.
And changes on gene code
Mutation
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You
What the decimal of 20/170?
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The decimal equivalent of 20/170 is approximately 0.1176.

You
What the percentage of 0.12
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To convert the decimal 0.12 to a percentage, you multiply it by 100. So, 0.12 as a percentage is 12%.

You
1-0.12=
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1 - 0.12 equals 0.88.

You
What ia the the percentage of 0.88?
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To convert the decimal 0.88 to a percentage, you multiply it by 100. So, 0.88 as a percentage is 88%.

You
What is positive selection in evolutionary bio ?
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Positive selection in evolutionary biology refers to the process by which advantageous genetic variations become more common in a population over time. This occurs when individuals with certain genetic traits have a higher chance of survival and reproduction, passing those advantageous traits to the next generation. Positive selection promotes the spread of beneficial adaptations, contributing to the evolution and adaptation of a species to its environment.

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What is negative selection in evolutionary bio
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Negative selection, also known as purifying selection, is a process in evolutionary biology that removes deleterious or harmful genetic variations from a population. This occurs because individuals carrying detrimental traits are less likely to survive and reproduce, reducing the frequency of those harmful alleles in subsequent generations. Negative selection helps maintain the overall fitness and well-being of a population by purging detrimental genetic variations over time.

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The five mechanism of evolution
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The five main mechanisms of evolution, known as the agents of evolutionary change or Darwinian forces, are:
Natural Selection: The process by which organisms with traits that enhance their survival and reproductive success are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation.
Genetic Drift: Random changes in the frequency of alleles in a population over time, particularly in small populations, due to chance events rather than natural selection.
Gene Flow: The transfer of genetic material between different populations of the same species, reducing genetic differences between them.
Mutation: The ultimate source of genetic variation, as new alleles arise through mutations in DNA. Mutations can be passed on to offspring and contribute to genetic diversity.
Non-random Mating: When individuals preferentially choose mates with specific traits, leading to changes in the distribution of traits within a population.
These mechanisms collectively influence the genetic makeup of populations over time, driving the process of evolution.

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State and describe the three major stages /phases of hiv infection
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HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection progresses through three major stages:
Acute HIV Infection:
This is the initial stage that occurs shortly after exposure to the virus.
Symptoms may resemble those of flu, such as fever, fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.
The virus replicates rapidly during this phase, and high levels of the virus are present in the blood.
Clinical Latency (Chronic) Stage:
Also known as the asymptomatic stage or chronic HIV infection.
During this phase, the virus continues to replicate at lower levels, but individuals may not experience significant symptoms.
The immune system is actively fighting the virus, but HIV gradually weakens the immune response over time.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome):
This is the advanced stage of HIV infection when the immune system becomes severely damaged.
AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4 cell count drops below a certain threshold, and opportunistic infections or cancers take advantage of the weakened immune system.
Symptoms may include weight loss, chronic diarrhea, persistent fever, and other severe illnesses.
Without treatment, AIDS can be fatal.
It’s important to note that the progression through these stages can vary among individuals, and the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) can significantly slow down the progression of HIV, preventing the development of AIDS and improving the overall health and life expectancy of individuals with HIV. Regular medical monitoring and early detection play crucial roles in managing HIV infection.

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Wich of the following is true regarding darwin’s contributiom to the theory of evolution
A) darwin formulated the first comprehensive theory incorporating all mechanism of evolution
B.)Darwin recognized that evolution occurs at the population level
C.) Darwin proposed that selection acts on mutations and other forms of genetic variation
D.) Darwin agreed with lemarcks idea of inheritancd of acuired characters but included the concept of fitness E.)Darwin incorporated mendel’s work on the particulate inheritance of alleles
B.)Darwin recognized that evolution occurs at the population level
refers to the process by which advantageous genetic variations become more common in a population over time.
Positive selection
also known as purifying selection, is a process in evolutionary biology that removes deleterious or harmful genetic variations from a population.
Negative selection
Darwins main point
1) organisms evolve
2)common desscent
3)Gradualism
4)population speciation
5) natural selection
Who said that “One species never springs from the seed of another”
John Ray (1686)
” I fully believe a better man never walked this earth “
John steven henslow (1796-1861)
Who established the concept of adaptation of
Lamarck
Who established the idea of competition
Malthus
Which is not the part of Darwin’s theory of evolution
1)Natural selection
2) populations as the units of evolution
3)Mutations as sources of genetic variation
4)survival are those who produced off spring
Theory of Special Creation
*Species are immutable
*Variations amoing individuals
* Lineages do not split
* Species are created separately and independently → genealogically unrelated
- Earth and its living creatures are young (6000 years)
Average beak size may change from one generation to the next
Microevolution
Lineages split and diverge= ?
Ex.an ancestral species of birds may arise to two distinct descendant species
Speciation
Over long periods of time , novrl forms of life can derive from earlier forms = ?
Macroevolution
Species derived not independetly but from common (shared) ancestors (genealogically related) =
Common ancestry
