Evolution (1)

Question 1

What are the 3 evolutionary principles?

Answer 1

• Natural selection.
• Sexual selection.
• Population genetics.

Question 2

What are the evolutionary events? (2)

Answer 2

• Species.
• Speciation.

Question 3

Evolution?

Answer 3

= descent with modification.

Question 4

What do you mean by descent with modification?

Answer 4

Modification is seen in subsequent generations.

Question 5

“Modification” in descent with modification?

Answer 5

= change in genetic material (allele/geneotype) due to mutations or genetic recombination.

Question 6

Who/What evolves?

Answer 6

Populations.

Question 7

“Descent” in descent with modification?

Answer 7

= subsequent generations.

Question 8

How do we collect evidences of evolution? (2)

Answer 8

• Experimental data.
• Observational/Descriptive data.

Question 9

How do we display evidences of evolution? (2)

Answer 9

• Cladograms.
• Character tables.

Question 10

Who discovered this process called evolution? (2)

Answer 10

• Charles Darwin.
• Alfred Wallace.

Question 11

Hypotheses that Darwin & Wallace presented? (2)

Answer 11

• Descent with modification.
• Natural selection.

Question 12

Through what evolution principle do divergence & convergence happen?

Answer 12

Natural selection.

Question 13

Convergence/convergent evolution?

Answer 13

= evolution where similar structures evolve independently across different groups.

Question 14

Divergence/divergent evolution?

Answer 14

= evolution where groups diversify from a common ancestor.

Question 15

Constituents of evolution/Fundamental questions in evolutionary biology? (2)

Answer 15

• Patterns.
• Processes.

Question 16

Patterns of evolution?

Answer 16

= where evolutionary biologists often look at the history of life.

Question 17

Questions asked under the history of life (patterns of evolution)? (3)

Answer 17

• What are the origins of life on Earth?
• What do we see in the evolution of traits in new species?
• Mass extinctions (of millions of species).

Question 18

Processes of evolution?

Answer 18

= where evolutionary biologists often refer to the causes of evolution.

Question 19

Questions under the causes of evolution (processes of evolution)? (3)

Answer 19

• What causes new species to arise?
• What are the causes behind trait changes through time?
• What are the causes of the differences in the rates of evolution?

Question 20

Evolution over a short time scale attributes? (2)

Answer 20

• Short generation time.
• Time scale = hours, days, weeks.

Question 21

Evolution over a long time scale attributes? (2)

Answer 21

• Long generation time.
• Time scale = years.

Question 22

Result of long-scale evolution/evolution over a long time scale?

Answer 22

Leads to diversification.

Question 23

Pokémon “evolution”?

Answer 23

= where Pokémon go through metamorphosis/a life cycle and don’t undergo evolution/don’t evolve.

Question 24

Why do you say Pokémon go through metamorphosis?

Answer 24

Because they do not develop over time but instead change form/change morphology.

Question 25

Contrast metamorphosis & evolution?

Answer 25

● Metamorphosis = transformation. ● Evolution = development.

Question 26

Evidences of common ancestors? (5)

Answer 26

• Embryological evidence. • Homologous structures. • Vestigial structures. • Biogeography. • Biomolecules.

Question 27

Cause of evolution?

Answer 27

Natural selection.

Question 28

How is ... the cause of evolution?

Answer 28

Evolution across populations requires populations to have survived over time. Therefore, NS is a cause of evolution as it has enabled & continues to enable populations to evolve through ensuring that they survive environmental pressures by their traits having fitness elements & through the ability of those traits to be passed on from generation to generation.

Question 29

Evolution attributes? (3)

Answer 29

• Unifying theory in biology. • Scientific fact explained by evolutionary theory (NS). • Involves descent with modification.

Question 30

Evolution breakdown? (2)

Answer 30

• Evolvere = to unfold/unroll. • Therefore, evolution = change over time.

Question 31

Evolutionary biology?

Answer 31

= multidisciplinary discipline which includes studies of behaviour, paleontology, etc.

Question 32

Evolutionary biologists? (2)

Answer 32

• Charles Darwin. • Anusuya Chinsamy.

Question 33

Charles Darwin attributes? (3)

Answer 33

• First to provide evidence of evolution. • Developed the Theory of natural selection. • Collected & studied fossils and living specimens from all over the world.

Question 34

Changes that evolutionary biologists may investigate? (3)

Answer 34

• Changes in morphology. • Changes in genetic diversity. • Change over time scales.

Question 35

Long branchs of phylogenetic tree attributes? (2)

Answer 35

• "Slow" evolution. • Evolution occurs over a long period of time.

Question 36

Short branchs of phylogenetic tree attributes? (2)

Answer 36

• Rapid evolution. • Evolution occurs over a short period time (bursts of evolution).

Question 37

Eg of evolution over a short time scale?

Answer 37

Drug resistant bacteria.

Question 38

Theory?

Answer 38

= based on ideas that are supported by evidence collected & experiments conducted.

Question 39

Evidences for evolution? (2)

Answer 39

• Descent with modification. • Natural selection.

Question 40

Egs of animal groups Darwin studied? (3)

Answer 40

• Darwin's finches. • Beetles. • Barnacles.

Question 41

Where did life begin?

Answer 41

All life shares one common ancestor.

Question 42

Eg of embryological evidence?

Answer 42

Comparison of fish, reptile, bird & human embryos.

Question 43

Eg of biomolecules?

Answer 43

DNA humans share with chimpanzees & zebra fishes.

Question 44

Eg of Homologous structures?

Answer 44

Comparison of arm in birds, bats, horse, human, turtles & seal where birds & bats use wings for flight, while turtles & seals use limbs for swimming.

Question 45

Egs of Vestigial structures? (2)

Answer 45

• Extinct whale ankles. • Coccyx in humans.

Question 46

Homologous structures?

Answer 46

= similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.

Question 47

Vestigial structures?

Answer 47

= structures that have no apparent function & appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor.

Question 48

Eg of biogeography?

Answer 48

Location of the fossils of giant armadillos (North America), giant pangolins (Africa) & giant anteater (South America).

Question 49

Egs of convergent evolution? (2)

Answer 49

• Aquatic organisms (Dolphin, Penguin, Ichthyosaur = similar body shape). • Aerial organisms (Birds, Bats, Flying fish, Pterodactyls = wings for flight).

Question 50

What is convergent evolution a result of?

Answer 50

Similar selective pressures in unrelated groups.

Question 51

What is divergent a result of?

Answer 51

Different selective pressures in related groups.

Question 52

Eg of divergent evolution?

Answer 52

Comparison between the Viceroy butterfly & Monarch butterfly.