Evolution Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
The universe is ___ years old .
A
20 billion years
2
Q
what does the BIG BANG theory explain ?
A
Singular huge explosion
Universe expanded
Temperature came down
Hydrogen and helium formed some time later
Gases condensed under gravitation and formed the galaxies 🌌
3
Q
In the Milky Way galaxy , earth was supposed to be formed about ______ years back .
A
4.5 billion years back
4
Q
There was no ___on early earth .
A
Atmosphere
5
Q
On early earth , _____ , ____,_____ and ____ released from molten mass covered the surface .
A
Water vapour
Methane
CO2
Ammonia
6
Q
The UV rays from the sun broke up ____ into ____and ____ and the lighter ___ escaped .
A
Water
Hydrogen
Oxygen
H2
7
Q
UV rays broke up water into hydrogen and oxygen . What happens to hydrogen and oxygen afterwards ?
A
Hydrogen escaped
Oxygen combined with ammonia and methane to form water , CO2 and others
8
Q
Oxygen combined with ____and ____ to form water , CO2 and others .
A
Ammonia
Methane
9
Q
What happened when the ozone layer formed was cooled ?
A
The water vapour fell as rain to fill all the depressions and form oceans .
10
Q
Life appeared _____ years after the formation of earth .
A
500 million years
11
Q
Life appeared ___ years back .
A
4 billion years back
12
Q
What did early Greek thinkers think ?
A
Units of life called SPORES were transferred to diff planets including earth .
13
Q
What was the theory of spontaneous generation ?
A
Life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw , mud , etc .
14
Q
______, by careful experimentation demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life .
A
Louise Pasteur
15
Q
Louise Pasteur showed that in PRE-STERILISED FLASKS , life did not come from _____ while in another flask open to air , new living organisms arose from _____ .
A
Killed yeast
Killed yeast
16
Q
Louise Pasteur dismissed ___theory for ever .
A
Spontaneous generation
17
Q
Ozone layer was formed first or the oceans were formed first ?
A
Ozone - which cooled and fell as rain to fill the depressions on earth
18
Q
Explain briefly the BIG BANG theory -
A
1) singular huge explosion —> universe expanded —> temp came down
2) H2 and He formed some time later
3) gases condensed under gravitation and formed the galaxies
4) water vapour , methane and CO2 and ammonia released from molten mass covered the surface of earth
5) UV rays broke water into H2 and oxygen
6) H escaped and oxygen combined with ammonia and methane to form water ,CO2 and others .
7) ozone layer was formed
8) as it cooled ,the water vapour fell as rain 🌧 to fill depressions and form oceans
19
Q
What did operon and haldane propose ?
A
1) life came from pre-existing non-living organic molecules -RNA ,proteins
2) formation of life was preceded by CHEMICAL EVOLUTION
20
Q
What is chemical evolution ?
A
Formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents .
21
Q
Oparin was from ____ and Haldane from ____ .
A
Russia
England
22
Q
Life came from pre-existing NON-LIVING ORGANIC molecules was proposed by -
A
Oparin and haldane
23
Q
According to oparin and haldane ,the conditions on earth were ______,___and ___.
A
High temp
Volcanic eruption 🌋
Reducing atmosphere - CH4 ,NH3
24
Q
In the year ____ , ____an American scientists created similar conditions in a lab scale . ( conditions proposed by oparin and haldane )
A
1953
S.L.Milller
25
S.L.Miller was an _____scientist .
American
26
In S.L.Miller’s experiment , he created ____ in a closed flask containing ____,___,____and ______at ____ degree .
```
Electrical discharge
CH4
H2
NH3
Water vapour
800 C
```
27
S.L.Miller observed formation of _____after his experiment .
Amino acids
28
In experiments similar to that of miller , others observed formation of ____ , ____,_____ and ____ .
Sugars
N2 bases
Pigment
Fats
29
Analysis of _____ revealed similar compounds ( similar to ones obtained from millers exp ) indicating that similar processes are occurring elsewhere in space .
Meteorite content
30
Chemical evolution was accepted when and why ?
After millers exp
31
The 1st non-cellular forms of life could have originated ___years back .
3 billion
32
The 1st non-cellular forms of life could have been ______ .
Giant molecules -RNA , Protein , Polysacchrides
33
The 1st cellular forms of life did not possibly originate till about ____ years ago .
2000 million years ago
34
The 1st cellular forms of life were probably _____.
Single-cells
35
All life forms were in ______environment only .
Water
36
This version of a _____i.e ., the 1st form of life arose slowly through evolutionary forces from NON-LIVING molecules is accepted by Majority .
Biogenesis
37
The theory of special creation has how many connotations ? What ?
3
All living organisms as we see today were created as such
Diversity was always the same since creation and will be the same in the future .
Earth is about 4000 years old
38
In the 19th century , based on his observations during a sea voyage in a ship called ____ round the world , Charles Darwin concluded that -
HMS Beagle
Gradual evolution of life forms. ( existing living organisms share similarities to varying degrees not only among themselves but also with life forms that existed million of years ago .
39
The fitness of indivisual or population refers ultimately to ______ .
Reproductive fitness
40
According to Darwin , those who are better fit in an environment -
Leave more progeny
41
Mechanism of evolution given by Darwin -
Natural selection
42
___, a naturalist who worked in _____ had also come to the same observations as those given by Darwin around the same time .
Alfred Wallace
| Malay archipelago
43
The ___history of earth closely corrected with the ____ history of earth .
Geological
| Biological
44
A study of fossils in dif ___ indicates the ____ period in which they existed .
Sedimentary layers
| Geological
45
The study of fossils showed that life forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological time -spans . All this is called _______ .
Palaentological evidence
46
Embryological support for evolution was also proposed by -
Ernst Heckel
47
Embryological support was proposed by heckel based upon the observation of certain features during ______ common to _____ .
Embryonic stage
| All Vertebrates THAT ARE ABSENT IN ADULT
48
Give an example of embryological support for evolution -
The embryos of all vertebrates including humans develop a row of vestigial gill slit just behind the head but it is a functional organ only in fish and not found in any other ADULT vertebrates .
49
Embryological support for evolution was disapproved by _____ .
Karl Ernst Von Baer
50
What were the observations of Karl Ernst Von Baer on the basis of which he disapproved embryological support ?
Embryos never pass through the adult stages of other animals .
51
All mammals share similarities in the ______ .
Pattern of bones of forelimbs
52
Forelimbs of diff MAMMALS perform diff functions , but they have similar ______ .
Anatomical structures - all have humerus , radius , ulna ,carpals , metacarpals and phalanges
53
Forelimbs of all mammals is an example of _____evolution ,
Divergent
| Homologous structures
54
______indicates COMMON ANCESTRY .
HOMOLOGY
55
Give examples of homologous structures -
Vertebrate heart
| Vertebrate brains
56
Thorn and tendrils of bougainvillea and cucurbita is an example of -
HOMOLOGY
57
Wings of butterfly and birds is an example of -
Analogy
58
Wings of butterfly are not _____structures though they perform ______ functions .
Anatomically similar
| Similar
59
Convergent evolution is _____ structures evolving for _____ function , hence having similarity .
Diff
| Same
60
Eye of octopus and mammals i an example of -
Convergent
| Analogy
61
Flippers of ____and _____ is an example of convergent evolution .
Penguin
| Dolphins
62
Thorn of _____and tendrils of. ______ represent HOMOLOGY .
Bougainvillea
| Cucurbita
63
Sweet potato and potato is an example of -
Analogy
64
Sweet potato is a modification of _____and potato is a modification of _____ .
Root
| Stem
65
Similarities in proteins and genes performing a given function among diverse organisms give clues to ______ .
Common ancestry - HOMOLOGY
66
An interesting observation su[porting evolution comes from-
England
67
In a collection of moths made in the year_____ it was observed that there were more white -winged moths on trees than dark winged or melanised . In a collection carried out from the same area but after industrialization , i,.e in year____ , there were more dark winged or melanised moths .
1850s -before industrialization set up
| 1920s
68
During post -industrialization , the tree trunks became _ due to ____and ____ .
Dark
| Smoke and soot
69
Before industrialization set in , _____covered the trees and camouflaged white -winged moths .
Thick growths of almost white-coloured lichens
70
In areas where industrialization did not occur e.g., rural areas , the count of _____ moths was low .
Melanic moths (dark)
71
Excessive use of herbicides , pesticides , etc , has only resulted in ____ in a much lesser time scale .
Selection of resistant varieties
72
_____is true for microbes against which we employ antibiotics or drugs against eukaryotic organisms/cell .
Selection of resistant varieties
73
Resistant organisms are appearing in a time sale of ____or ___ and not ____ .
Months
Years
Centuries
74
Appearance of resistant organisms is an example of _____ .
Evolution by Anthropogenic action
75
Give 2 examples of evolution by anthropogenic action -
1) herbicide /pesticide resistance
| 2) antibiotic /drug resistance
76
Evolution is not a ____ process in sense of determinism . It is a _____process based on chance events in nature and chance mutation in the organisms .
Directed
| Stochastic
77
During his journey , Darwin went to _____ .
Galapagos island
78
On Galapagos island , Darwin found ___ birds called Darwin’s finches , which evolved on _____ .
Small black
| Galapagos island itself
79
From the original ______ features , many other forms with ____ arose , enabling the finches to become _____and _____ .
Seed-eating
Altered beaks
Insectivorous
Vegetarian finches
80
Process of evolution of ______ in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats ) is called _____ .
Diff species
| Adaptive radiation
81
Darwins finches represent the best example of _____ .
Adaptive radiation
82
Australian marsupials are an example of -
Adaptive radiation
83
A number of marsupials , each ____(diff / similar) to the other evolved from an Ancestral stock but all within the Australian island continent .
Diff from the other
84
When more than one ______ appeared to have occurred in an isolated geographical area (representing diff habitats) one can call this ____ .
Adaptive radiation
| Convergent evolution
85
_____in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation .
Placental mammals
86
Placenta mammals also exhibit adaptive radiation , in evolving into varieties of such placental mammals , each of which appears to be ___to a ____ .
Similar
| Corresponding marsupial
87
Placental wolf is similar to ______ marsupial .
Tasmanian wolf 🐺
88
Anteater - placental mammal is similar to _________ marsupial .
Numbat ( anteater )
89
Lemur -______ is similar to spotted cuscus -______ .
Placental mammal
| Australian marsupial
90
Flying squirrel is a ___and is similar to _____ which is a ____ .
```
Placental mammal
Flying phalanger (Australia marsupial )
```
91
Tasmanian tiger cat is a _____and is similar to _____ which is a ____ .
Australian marsupial
Bobcat
Placental mammal
92
The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution is _____ .
Natural selection
93
The rate of appearance of new forms is linked to the ____ or the _____ .
Life cycle
| Life span
94
A colony of bacteria growing on a given medium has built in variation in terms of _____ .
Ability to utilise a feed component
95
Nature selects for _____ .
Fitness
96
So-called fitness is based on the characters that are _____. Hence , there must be a ____for getting selected and to evolve .
Inherited
| Genetic basis
97
______ability is inherited .
Adaptive
98
——-is the. End result of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature .
Fitness
99
______and. ______are the 2 key concepts of Darwinian theory of evolution .
Branching descent
| Natural selection
100
Lamarck existed before or after Darwin -
Before
101
Even before Darwin. Who had said that evolution of life forms had occurred .
Lamarck
102
Before Darwin , a ____ - Lamarck had said that evolution of life forms had occurred but driven by _____.
French naturalist
| Use and disuse of organs
103
Give an example by lack to show use and disuse of organs -
Giraffe - in an attempt to forage leaves on tall trees had to adapt by elongation of their necks . They passed on this squired character to succeeding generations .
104
We treat evolution as a consequence of a proces called _______ .
Natural selection
105
The works of ______ on _____ influenced Darwin .
Thomas Malthus
| Population
106
natural selection is based on certain observations which are _____ .
Factual
107
Natural resources are ___ , populations are stable in ___ except for _____ , members of a population vary in characteristics .
Limited
Size
Seasonal fluctuation
108
The fact that theoretically population size will grow ____ if everybody reproduced maximally and the fact that population size is really limited , means there had been _____ .
Exponentially
| Competition for resources
109
The novelty and brilliant insight of Darwin was -
Variations which are inheritable and which make resource utilisation better for few will enable only those to reproduce and leave more progeny
110
Darwin ignored or kept silent on which proposal ofmendel ?
Inheritable factors influence uencing phenotype
111
Hugo de vries based on his work on _____ brought forth the idea of ____ .
Evening primrose
| Mutation
112
In the 1st decade of the __Century , __worked on evening primrose .
20th century
| Hugo de vries
113
Hugo de vries believed that it is _____ that causes evolution and not _____ .
```
Mutation
Minor variations ( heritable )
```
114
Mutations are ______and _____ while Darwinian variations are _____and ____ .
Mut - random , directionless
| Var - small , directional
115
Evolution for Darwin was ____ .
Gradual
116
DeVries believed mutation caused ___ and hence called it _____
Speciation
| Saltation
117
Saltation meaning -
Single step - large mutation
118
Hardy-Weinberg principle says that ______is STABLE and is constant from generation to generation .
Allele freq in a population
119
The gene pool comprises of ____and their _____ in a population.
Total genes
| Alleles
120
What is genetic equilibrium ?
The gene POOL remains a constant
121
P2 +2pq+ q2=1 is a ___expression of ( p+q)_2 .
Binomial
122
Disturbance in genetic eq or hardy -Weinberg eq i,e,. Change in the feq of alleles , would be interpreted as resulting in _____ .
Evolution
123
_____factors are known to affect hardy-Weinberg eq . Name -
5
1) gene migration /gene flow
2) genetic drift
3) mutation
4) genetic recombination
5) natural selection
124
When MIGRATION of a section of population to another place and population occurs , ____change in the original as well as in the new population . ____are added to the new pop and removed from the old pop .
Gene freq
| New genes /alleles
125
There would be a ____ if this gene migration happens multiple times .
Gene flow
126
If gene migration occurs by chance , then it is called _____ .
Genetic drift
127
Sometimes , the change in allele freq is so diff in the news sample of population they become a _____ .
Diff species
128
What is founders effect ?
When he change in allele freq is so diff in the new sample of population that they become a diff species . The original drifted population becomes founders .
129
_____experiments show that per -existing advantageous mutations when selected will result in observation of _____ .
Microbial
| New phenotypes
130
Over few generations , selected advantageous mutations resulting in new phenotypes would result in ____ .
Speciation
131
___is a process in which heritable variations enabling better survival are enabled to reproduce and leave greater number of progeny .
Natural selection
132
Natural selection can lead to ____ , _____or _____ .
Stabilization
Directional change
Disruption
133
In _____ , more individuals acquire mean character value .
In ____, more indi acquire value other than the mean character value .
In______ , more indi acquire peripheral character value at both ends of the distribution curve .
Stabilization
Directional change
Disruption
(Natural selection types )
134
Coupled to enhanced reproductive success, natural selection makes it look like ____.
Diff population
135
About ____yrs ago , the 1st cellular forms of life appeared on earth .
2000 million yrs ago
136
The mechanism of how non-cellular aggregates of giant macromolecules could evolve into cells with membranous envelop i not known . T/F
T
137
The 1st cellular forms of life had the ability to release ___ .
O2
138
The O2 evolving rxns in the 1st cellular forms of life could have been similar to the ____ rxn in _____ .
Light rxn
Photosynthesis
(Where- water is split with the help of solar energy captured and channelized by appropriate light harvesting pigments)
139
Soon single celled organisms became ____ forms .
Multicellular life
140
By the time of ___ ,invertebrates were formed and active .
500 mya
141
Jawless fish evolved around ___ mya .
350 mya
142
Sea weeds and few plants existed probably around _____mya .
320 mya
143
The 1st organisms that invaded land were ____ .
Plants
144
Fish with ___and _____ fins could move on land and go back to water .
Stout
| Strong fins
145
Fish with stout and strong fins could move on land and go back to water . This was around _____ mya .
350 mya
146
In 1938 , a fish caught in South Africa happened to be a ____ which was thought to be extinct .
Coelacanth
147
_____ animals called LOBEFINS evolved into the 1st AMPHIBIANS (that lived on both land and water )
Coelacanth
148
_______are the ancestors of modern day frogs and Salamanders .
LOBEFINS ( coelacanth )
149
In _____ , a fish caught in ____ happened to be a Coelecanth .
1938
| South Africa
150
Coelacanth is extinct or not ?
It was though to be extinct till 1938
151
The amphibians evolved into _____ .
Reptiles
152
What are the characteristics of eggs layer by reptiles which are unlike those of amphibians -
Reptiles = lay thick-shelled eggs which do not dry up in the sun unlike those of amphibians .
153
In the next ______ yrs or so , reptiles of diff shapes and sizes dominated on earth .
200 million yrs or so
154
____were present but they fell to form cal deposits slowly . ( in Mesozoic era - in Jurassic period )
Giant ferns / pteridophytes
155
Some of the land reptiles (dinosaurs) went back into water to evolve into fish -like reptiles probably ______ mya .
200 mya
156
Give an example of a land reptile(dynosaur) that went back to after to evolve into a fish-like reptile .
Ichthyosaurs
157
The biggest dynosaur was _____ , with a height of _____ and huge dagger like teeth .
Tyrannosaurus rex
| 20 feet
158
About ____ , the dynosaurs suddenly disappeared from earth .
65 mya
159
What are the probability reasons for the extinction of dynosaurs ?
1) climatic change
| 2) may have evolved into birds
160
The 1st mammals were like ____ .
Shrews
161
The fossils of the 1st mammals are ______ sized .
Small sized
162
Mammals were more intelligent in ____ at least .
Sensing and avoiding danger
163
When reptiles came down ,____took over this earth .
Mammals
164
There were mammals in South America resembling _____,____,_____,___etc .
Horse
Hippopotamus
Bear
Rabbit
165
Due to continental DRIFT ,_____ joined______ .
South America
| North America
166
What happened due to continental drift ?
South American mammals - horse ,hippopotamus, bear , rabbit were overridden by North American fauna .
167
Due to the same continental drift ( that overrid South American fauna) , ______survived due to ______ .
Pouched mammals of Australia
| Lack of competition from any other mammal
168
Horses , hippopotamus , rabbit and bear were the fauna of ___ .
South America
169
Name some mammals that live wholly in water -
Whales
Dolphins
Seals
Sea cows
170
The most successful story is the evolution of man with ____and ____ .
Language skills
| Self consciousness
171
About ____ , primates called DRYOPITHECUS and RAMAPITHECUS were existing .
15 mya
172
_____were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees .
DRYOPITHECUS
| Ramapithecus
173
_____was more man like while _____ was more ape-like .
Ramapithecus
| DRYOPITHECUS
174
Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered from _____and _____.
Ethiopia
| Tanzania
175
Fossils from Ethiopia and Tanzania revealed ____features leading to the belief that about __ mya , man-like primates walked in Eastern Africa .
Hominid
| 3-4 mya
176
About 3-4 mya , man-like primates walked in ____ .
Eastern Africa
177
Man-like primates in Eastern Africa in 3-4 mya were not taller than _____ , but walked ___ .
4 feet
| Upright
178
2 mya , ___ probably lived in East African grasslands .
Australopithecus
179
Australopithecus hunted with _____but essentially ate ____ .
Stone weapons
| Fruits
180
The creature ( with diff bones ) called the 1st human -like being the ___ and was called ____ .
Hominid
| Homo habilis
181
The brain capacity of homo habilis -
650-800 mya
182
_____ probably did not eat meat .
Homo habilis
183
Fossils discovered in _____ in ____ year revealed the next stage ( next to homo habilis ) homo erectus .
Java
| 1891
184
__probably ate meat .
Homo erectus
185
Australopithecus were found around ____ mya .
2 mya
186
Neanderthal man with brain capacity _____ lived in _____and ____ .
1400 cc
| Near east and Central Asia
187
Neanderthal man lived in near east and central ASIA around _____ yrs back .
1,00,000-40,000
188
_____used hides to protect their body .
Neanderthal man
189
______ buried their dead .
Neanderthal man
190
Homo sapiens arose in ______ and moved across diff continents and developed into distinct races .
Africa
191
Modern homo shape is arose during ____ .
Ice age
192
During the ice age btw ________ yrs ago , modern homo sapeins arose .
75,000-10,000
193
Pre-historic cave art developed. About ______ yrs ago .
18,000 yrs ago
194
One cave painting by pre-historic humans can be seen in _____ .
Bhimbetka rock shelter in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh.
195
Agriculture came around_____yrs back and human settlements started .
10,000
