Evolution

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Modification for a specific environment

Question 2

Aristotle

Answer 2

Didn’t believed in evolution/all species are perfect

Question 3

Linneaus

Answer 3

Came up with a classification system
(Carolus Linnaeus)

Question 4

Cuvier

Answer 4

Paleontology, the study of fossils

Question 5

Hutton

Answer 5

Gradualism/ change is slow but constant

Question 6

Malthus

Answer 6

Economist} human suffering is caused by to many people, not enough to resources

Question 7

Lamarck

Answer 7

First theory for evolution but incorrect

Question 8

Adaptation

Answer 8

A character that enhance an organism to survive and reproduced in a specific environment

Question 9

Darwin Argument

Answer 9

1. Variation: individuals vary from their inheritance traits
2. Over production: a species produces more offsprings that the environment can support

Question 10

Darwin Conclusion

Answer 10

1: individuals that adapt traits will produce more offsprings

#2: individuals: are unable to adapt their traits in different environment are more likely to die

Question 11

Natural Selection

Answer 11

1.Evolution occurs in population} not in individuals
2. Doesn’t create new traits} only edit or modify
3. Inheritable (increase/decrease) depends in population

Question 12

Homologous Structure

Answer 12

Structures found in different organism but have similarities

Question 13

Analogues structure

Answer 13

Result of convergent
Two unrelated organism evolve to have similarities that’s due to the similar environment

Question 14

Genetic variation & Process

Answer 14

Differences in gene and DNA sequences
*Mutation
*short generation time
*gene duplication
Sexual reproduction

Question 15

Hardy Weinberg 5 conditions

Answer 15

1. Random mating
2. No mutation
3. No gene flow
4. No natural selection
5. Large population size

Question 16

Genetic Drift & 2 types

Answer 16

Random fluctuation in allele frequency from one generation to the other
1. The founder effect
2. The bottleneck effect

Question 17

Gene Flow

Answer 17

Movement of gene from one population to another

Question 18

Natural Selection 3 modes

Answer 18

1. Directional selection= one phenotypes is favorable over the others
2. Disruptive selection= both phenotypes extreme favorable over anything in between
3. Stabilizing= needle phenotype founder over the extremes

Question 19

Species
- Prezygotic barrier

Answer 19

Prevent members from different species from mating to produce a zygote

Question 20

Postzygotic Barries

Answer 20

A mecanismos that blocks reproduction after fertilization and zygote formation

Question 21

Speciation
(Two types forms)

Answer 21

1. Habitant Diffraction
2. Sexual selection

Question 22

History of Life
3.5 Billion years ago

Answer 22

Prokaryotes first living organism in the planet

Question 23

1.8 billion years ago

Answer 23

Origin of Eukaryotes

Question 24

1.2 billion years ago

Answer 24

Origin of multicellular organism

Question 25

540 million years

Answer 25

Cambrian Explosion (Diversity of organism)

Question 26

400 million years ago

Answer 26

Life moves into land

Question 27

250 million years ago

Answer 27

Permian Extinction

Question 28

65 million years ago

Answer 28

Cretaceous moss extinction

Question 29

I. Phylogeny Monophyletic group

Answer 29

Include one ancestor and all descendente is group 1

Question 30

Paraphyletic group

Answer 30

Group include some ancestors but not descendants (group 2)

Question 31

Polyphyletic group

Answer 31

Grouping organism that don’t share a common ancestor (group 3)

Question 32

Gram Stain

Answer 32

Help to distinguish gram + and gram -

Question 33

Gram Staining Procedures

Answer 33

1. Application of crystal violet - stain all bacteria purple 2. Application of iodine - fuss crystal violet in poptidylicon gram (+) bacteria 3. Alcohol wash - removes violet from gram (-) 4. Application of safranin - stain gram (-) pink

Question 34

Resistance two types

Answer 34

1. Capsule = membrane the protects the cel wall, can release toxins (Gram - is more dangerous) 2. Endospore = a resistant structure that contain cloned DNA bacteria that removes dormant until environment is stable

Question 35

Antibiotic Resistant

Answer 35

Envolve to have a genetic compound

Question 36

Antibiotic Persistent

Answer 36

Attract bacteria while is dormant or sleep

Question 37

Genetic Variation

Answer 37

1. Mutation 2. Transformation 3. Transduction 4. Conjugation

Question 38

Nutrition 4 types

Answer 38

1.Photoautitrioph 2. Chemo 3. Photoheterotroph 4. Chemo

Question 39

Protists

Answer 39

Eukaryote that is not a plant, animal or fungus

Question 40

allopatric Speciation

Answer 40

geographic barrier that isolates population for gene flow

Question 41

sympatic speciation and 2 types

Answer 41

speciation without a geographic barrier 1. habitan differation 2. sexual selection

Question 42

endosymbiotic

Answer 42

some eukaryotic cell organelles, such as mitochondria and plastids, evolved from free-living prokaryotes

Question 43

secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 43

the merging of two eukaryotic cells into one photosynthetic cellular unit

Question 44

sister taxa

Answer 44

When two lineages stem from the same branch point

Question 45

basal taxon

Answer 45

A lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched

Question 46

derived trait

Answer 46

is a trait that the current organism has, and previous one didn't.

Question 47

Ancestral traits

Answer 47

are what the modern and ancestors had.