evolution

Question 1

Allele frequency equation

Answer 1

number of copies of an allele
______
Total #of alleles for the same gene in the population

Question 2

Evolution

Answer 2

The change in allele frequencies and genetics in a population over time

Question 3

Allele

Answer 3

A version of a gene that produces a specific trait (B vs. b)

Question 4

Do individuals evolve?

Answer 4

No, since an individual’s alleles don’t change

Question 5

Population

Answer 5

Group of organisms of the same species

Question 6

Natural Selection

Answer 6

Features best suited to an environment are able to survive and reproduce better than others

Question 7

Habitat

Answer 7

The type of natural environment that a species lives, made up of both physical and biological features

Question 8

What are some abiotic factors?

Answer 8

Temperature, rainfall, humidity, heat

Question 9

Fitness

Answer 9

reproductive success

Question 10

Niche

Answer 10

The role the species takes in that habitat including the precise location and resources used

Question 11

What does “variation among individuals in a population” mean?

Answer 11

Variation in a trait that impacts an individual’s ability to acquire resources and/or survive in an environment

Question 12

What does “variation must be heritable” mean?

Answer 12

Variation is passed from parent to offspring

Question 13

What does “over-production” in natural selection mean?

Answer 13

Each generation, more offspring are produced than can be supported by local resources

Question 14

What does “differential survival and reproduction” mean?

Answer 14

Individuals possessing traits that increase their success will contribute more offspring to the next generation

Question 15

What happens when two or more species occupy the same niche?

Answer 15

Competition, forcing the other species to adapt or risk extinction

Question 16

Explain how natural selection determines who survives to reproduce and who does not

Answer 16

As environmental conditions change, the phenotypes that
natural selection favors will also change

Question 17

Genetic variation

Answer 17

Within a species, no 2 individuals are exactly alike

Question 18

Over production of off spring

Answer 18

More individuals are born than survive to reproduce

Question 19

Unequal reproductive success

Answer 19

The inherited characteristics of some individuals make them more likely to obtain resources, survive, and reproduce

Question 20

Descent with modification

Answer 20

a population’s characteristics can change by natural selection, even giving rise to new species

Question 21

Modern evolutionary synthesis

Answer 21

Genetic variation is the raw material on which evolution acts

Question 22

Adaptation

Answer 22

A genetically-based trait that increases an individuals ability to produce off spring in a particular environment

Question 23

Mutations

Answer 23

Changes in a DNA nucleotide sequence

Question 24

Variation

Answer 24

A trait that impacts an individuals ability to acquire resources and for survive in an environment

Question 25

Directional Selection

Answer 25

The median variation for a trait moves toward one of the extremes

Question 26

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 26

Selection against the extreme phenotypes of a particular trait

Question 27

Disruptive Selection

Answer 27

Selection for the two extreme phenotypes of a particular trait

Question 28

Sexual Selection

Answer 28

selection for an enhanced ability to attract mates

Question 29

Genetic drift

Answer 29

a change in allele frequencies due to chance alone -> causes evolution to occur

Question 30

What does it mean to “fix” or “lose” an allele in a population?

Answer 30

In populations in which an allele has become either fixed or lost, the process of random genetic drift stops at that locus

Question 31

The Founder Effect

Answer 31

Phenomena that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes isolated from a larger population

Question 32

The Bottleneck Effect

Answer 32

An extreme example of genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severely reduced -> hurricanes

Question 33

Gene flow

Answer 33

the movement of alleles from one population to another

Question 34

Example of the Biological Species Concept

Answer 34

Western meadowlarks and Eastern meadowlarks

Question 35

Reproductive isolation

Answer 35

prevents individuals from producing viable and fertile offspring

Question 36

Prezygotic barriers and 2 examples

Answer 36

prevent members of different species from mating to produce a zygote Example: Geographical Isolation and temporal Isolation

Question 37

Postzygotic barriers and 2 examples

Answer 37

blocks reproduction after fertilization and zygote formation Example: Hybrid viability and hybrid sterility

Question 38

How does evolution lead to speciation?

Answer 38

Microevolution and Macroevolution

Question 39

Speciation

Answer 39

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

Question 40

Allopatric speciation

Answer 40

speciation driven by physical (geographical) isolation of populations

Question 41

Sympatric speciation

Answer 41

speciation occurring within the same geographic region

Question 42

habitat differentiation

Answer 42

mutations within a population cause individuals to exploit different conditions within the same environment

Question 43

Disruptive selection

Answer 43

Selection for the two extreme phenotypes of a particular trait

Question 44

Examples of how adaptations can change the physical body, behavior, biochemistry of an organism

Answer 44

webbed feet for ducks migration trout acclimating to warm and cold temperatures

Question 45

What's the difference between acclimation and adaptation

Answer 45

Adaptation - a long-term permanent adjustment Acclimatization - a short-term rapid temporary adjustment

Question 46

Ecological niche

Answer 46

the range of resources and conditions allowing the species to maintain a manageable population

Question 47

How do populations change over time?

Answer 47

Access to resources Immigration Emigration

Question 48

Carrying capacity

Answer 48

The maximum abundance of a species population that a habitat or ecosystem has the resources to support

Question 49

How does carrying capacity limit population growth?

Answer 49

limited supply of resources

Question 50

Example of a tradeoff

Answer 50

Developing colored feathers helps attract a mate, but colorful birds tend to be more easily spotted by predators

Question 51

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Answer 51

Two species that occupy the same ecological niche cannot stably coexist

Question 52

Intraspecific competition

Answer 52

competition between individuals of the same species

Question 53

interspecific competition

Answer 53

competition between individuals of different species

Question 54

Co-evolution

Answer 54

Evolutionary change in two closely interacting species

Question 55

Example of morphological defense

Answer 55

turtle going into its shell

Question 56

Cryptic coloration

Answer 56

makes prey difficult to spot

Question 57

Aposematic coloration

Answer 57

bright warning coloration, often exhibited by animals with effective chemical defenses

Question 58

Batesian mimicry

Answer 58

when a harmless species mimics the appearance of an unpalatable or harmful model

Question 59

How do plants respond to herbivory?

Answer 59

Resistance Tolerance

Question 60

Mutualism

Answer 60

interspecific interaction in which both species benefit

Question 61

Commensalism

Answer 61

one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed -> clownfish hiding in coral

Question 62

Amensalism

Answer 62

one species is harmed and the other species is neither helped nor harmed -> pine needles killing grass

Question 63

Altruism

Answer 63

refers to an interaction in which one organism decreases their own fitness to increase the fitness of another