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Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

The process of change overtime, specifically, a change in the frequency of a gene or allele in population overtime

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

Organisms that are best adapted to an environment to survive and reproduce more than others

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3
Q

What are the 4 steps of Darwin’s Natural Selection?

A
  1. Overpopulation
  2. Variation
  3. Competition
  4. Selection
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4
Q

Darwins Natural Selection: Overpopulation

A

each species produces more offspring than can survive

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5
Q

Darwins Natural Selection: Variation

A

Each individual has a unique combination of inherited traits

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6
Q

Adaptation

A

An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chances of survival

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7
Q

Why is variation important?

A
  • environmental changes
  • the more variation within a species, the more likelihood to survive
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8
Q

Darwins Natural Selection: Competition

A

Individuals compete for limited resources
- food
- water
- space
- mates

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9
Q

When does natural selection occur?

A

Competition - “survival of the fittest”

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10
Q

Fitness in Natural Selection

A

the ability to survive and reproduce

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11
Q

True or False: all individuals survive to adulthood

A

False

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12
Q

Darwins Natural Selection: Selection

A

The individuals with the best traits/adaptations will survive and have the opportunity to pass on it’s traits to offspring

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13
Q

True or False: Natural selection acts on the phenotype not the genotype?

A

True

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14
Q

What is descent with modification?

A

each living species had descended, with changes, from other species over time

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15
Q

What is Common Descent?

A

all living organisms are related to one another

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16
Q

Types of Evidence of Evolution?

A
  • Fossil Records
  • Transitional Fossils
  • Archaeopteryx
  • Homologous body structures
  • Analogous structures
  • vestigial Organs
  • Embryology
  • Biochemical Evidence
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17
Q

Fossil Records

A

a record of the history of life on earth

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18
Q

Transitional Fossils

A

Fossils or organisms that show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of it’s descendants are referred to as transitional forms

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19
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

missing link between reptiles and birds

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20
Q

Homologous Body Structures

A

similar anatomy in different types of animals because of an common ancestor

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21
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Similar features of different animals that have evolved due to convergent evolution.
When two different species live in similar environments, they often evolve similar

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22
Q

Do Analogous Structures share a common ancestor?

A

no

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23
Q

Vestigial Organs

A

“leftover” traces of evolution that serve no purpose

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24
Q

Embryology

A

embryos of all vertebrates are very similar early on

25
Biochemical evidence
DNA with more similar sequences suggest species are more closely related
26
Gene pool
the variety of genes that can be selected from an environments population
27
Speciation
the formation of a new species
28
Microevolution
Evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period of time
29
Macroevolution
Major changes among species occurring over a long period of time
30
Pressures
drive change in a certain direction
31
Recipe of Evolution
Variation→Pressure→Selection→Time
32
Types of Pressures
- Natural Selective Pressures - Artificial Selective Pressures
33
Natural Selective Pressures
created by natural forces that exist in nature
34
Examples of Natural Selective Pressures
- Resource Availability - Environmental Conditions - biological Factors
35
Resource Availability
presence of sufficient food, habitat (Shelter/territory) and mates
36
Environmental Conditions
Tempture, weather conditions or geographic access
37
Biological Factors
predators and pathogens
38
Artificial Selective Pressures
created international or unintentionally by humans
39
Example of Artificial Selective Pressures
- International Artificial Selection - Unintentional Artificial Selection
40
International Artificial Selection
A pressure that has been created on a population with an international effect
41
Unintentional Artificial Selection
a pressure that has been created based on human action that has an unintentional effect on population
42
Types of Selection
- Directional - Stabilizing - Disruptive selection
43
Directional Selection
Shifts the range of variation in traits in one direction
44
Stabilizing Selection
Favors intermediate forms of a trait
45
Disruptive Selection
Favors forms of a trait at the extremes of a range of variation
46
Sexual Selection
natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex. (matting)
47
Species
A species is defined as organisms that can reproduce and produce viable offspring, meaning their offspring are also able to reproduce
48
How does Speciation occur?
New species arise when populations are isolated in some way, different mutations occur and build in the two different groups
49
Reproductive Isolation leads to...
speciation
50
Patterns of evolution
- Divergent - Convergent - Parallel
51
Divergent Evolution
Occurs when one species becomes two entirely isolated subpopulations and finally two new species
52
what does Divergent Evolution lead to?
Homologous Structures
53
Convergent Evolution
Occurs when two different species that are NOT closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar enviroments
54
What does Convergent Evolution lead to?
Analogus Structures
55
Parallel Evolution
occurs when independent species acquire similar characteristics while evolving together at the same time in the same ecospace.
56
Isolation Events (that lead to speciation)
- Geographic Isolation - Behavioral Isolation - Temporal Isolation
57
Geographic Isolation
a physical barrier that separates two groups of a population, such as a river, mountain range or ocean
58
Behavioral Isolation
two populations are capable of breeding but are isolated by difference in courtship rituals or other types of behavior associated with mating.
59
Temporal Isolation
Species become isolated by reproducing at different times

Honors Biology (11 decks)

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