evolution

Question 1

macroevolution

Answer 1

change in a species/population over a very long period of time
ie: the tree of life

Question 2

microevolution

Answer 2

adaptations that happen over a short period of time
ie: the grants saw 2 microevolutions happen in less than 5 years

Question 3

species

Answer 3

a population that interbreed successfully to create fertile offspring

Question 4

reproductive isolation

Answer 4

members of a species from the same population will not reproduce successfully have now become 2 new species
- drives speciation

Question 5

reproductive barriers

Answer 5

prezygotic isolating mechanisms and postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Question 6

habitat isolation

Answer 6

prezygotic - premating

members of an original population are separated and when they are reintroduced, they will not recognize each other and mate

Question 7

zygote

Answer 7

when the sperm and an egg make 1 cell

Question 8

temporal isolation

Answer 8

prezygotic - premating

species reproduce at different seasons or times of day

Question 9

behavioral isolation

Answer 9

prezygotic - premating

birds don’t recognize each others’ mating calls, pheromones, or signals

Question 10

pheromones

Answer 10

a scentless hormone that birds and mammals give off, what creates ‘chemistry’

Question 11

mechanical isolation

Answer 11

mating - prezygotic

genitalia between the species are not suitable

Question 12

gamete isolation

Answer 12

mating - prezygotic

the sperm cannot reach or fertilize the egg
ie: pH isn’t right

Question 13

gamete

Answer 13

the sperm or egg

Question 14

zygote mortality

Answer 14

fertilization - postzygotic

fertilization occurs, but the zygote doesn’t survive

Question 15

hybrid sterility

Answer 15

fertilization - postzygotic

the hybrid survives but is sterile
- 2 different species mate = hybrid

Question 16

hybrid

Answer 16

female horse + male donkey = mule
- height and size of horse, work ethic of donkey

Question 17

dry islands

Answer 17

large beaks for crushing shells

Question 18

tropical islands

Answer 18

small breaks for plucking small seeds

Question 19

in between islands

Answer 19

any beak is good

Question 20

pioneer population

Answer 20

1st finches to leave the mainland to go to the Galapagos
- would have some beak variation

Question 21

why birds would leave their original habitat

Answer 21

• lack of resources
• feeling threatened

Question 22

miles between mainland and galapagos islands

Answer 22

600 miles

Question 23

anthropology

Answer 23

the study of man

Question 24

apex

Answer 24

something is at the top of the food chain
- ie tortoises in the Galapagos

Question 25

beak depth

Answer 25

take a ruler and measure beak from top to bottom of beak

Question 26

node

Answer 26

denotes a common ancestor - ie: primates

Question 27

cladogram

Answer 27

device that shows you the evolutionary relatedness and the reasons they evolved to the next level y-axis: timeline x-axis: order they evolved

Question 28

transitional organisms

Answer 28

directly in between 2 species ie: platypus

Question 29

first mammals

Answer 29

mesozoic era: monotremes and marsupials

Question 30

characteristics of mammals

Answer 30

hair, mammary glands, endotherms (warm blooded)

Question 31

monotreme

Answer 31

egg laying mammal (platypus)

Question 32

marsupial

Answer 32

pouched mammal - baby is born early and then stays in the pouch

Question 33

placental mammal

Answer 33

zygote forms in the mom - limbs for rapid movement - brain is well developed - large lungs - four chambered heart - adults take care of their young specialized teeth patterns

Question 34

primates on earth today

Answer 34

prosimians, monkeys, apes, humans

Question 35

prosimians

Answer 35

oldest (65 MYA) - mostly nocturnal - big eyes for night vision

Question 36

monkeys

Answer 36

second oldest

Question 37

new world monkeys

Answer 37

monkeys that developed in South America and have a tail to hold onto trees

Question 38

old world monkeys

Answer 38

lived in places without a lot of trees (africa)

Question 39

great apes

Answer 39

orangutangs, chimpanzees, gorillas 94-96% of the same genetics to us - india, africa, indonesia

Question 40

humans

Answer 40

newest primates

Question 41

anthropods

Answer 41

"man like" - monkeys, apes, and us - 45 MYA

Question 42

hominids

Answer 42

apes, humans - 15 MYA

Question 43

characteristics of all primates

Answer 43

- flatter faces w/ stereoscopic vision - cerebellum for higher order thinking - opposable thumbs and big toes (humans don't have opposable big toes s we can walk father more comfortably)

Question 44

hominins v. hominids

Answer 44

hominins: - spine comes out of bottom of the head - s-shaped spine (redistributes weight above the pelvis) - bipedal hominids: - spine comes out of the back of the head - c-shaped spine - quadrupedal

Question 45

date of oldest hominins

Answer 45

7 MYA

Question 46

date of austalopithecines

Answer 46

4 MYA, lucy = 3.2 MYA

Question 47

date of homo members

Answer 47

2.0 MYA

Question 48

date of homo habilis

Answer 48

2.0 MYA

Question 49

date of homo erectus

Answer 49

1.9 MYA

Question 50

date of homo neandertalensis

Answer 50

200,000 ya

Question 51

date of homo sapiens

Answer 51

200,000 ya