Evolution

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Accumulation over time of inherited changes in populations, leading to species which are related

Question 2

Darwinian fitness

Answer 2

Individuals ability to survive and reproduce

Question 3

Adaptation

Answer 3

An evolved feature that enhances an organisms fitness

Question 4

Population

Answer 4

A group of organisms of a single species living in the same geographical area

Question 5

Species

Answer 5

A group of organisms with common ancestry and physical structures that are able to breed and have fertile offspring

Question 6

Community

Answer 6

Group of populations composed of organisms with common ancestry, sharing similar structures, functions, behaviours, etc - freely interbreed in nature

Question 7

Ecosystem

Answer 7

Interactive system composed of one or more communities and their abiotic (nonliving) environment

Question 8

Biosphere

Answer 8

All of earths ecosystems considered together

Question 9

3 goals of evolution

Answer 9

1. How life evolved in a single evolutionary tree
2. Explain why species exist
3. Explain how species adapted (all related to Luca)

Question 10

Essentialism

Answer 10

Organisms are created in species form

Question 11

What did Linnaeus say?

Answer 11

Ancestral forms reflect evolutionary relationships, however he proposed that species don’t change

Question 12

What did Darwin propose?

Answer 12

Published origin of species
- resources are limited in nature and there is a struggle for life
- survival of the fittest
- NATURAL SELECTION = driving force of evolution

Question 13

Differential reproductive success

Answer 13

Better fit individuals have a better chance of leaving more offspring

Question 14

What is the smallest unit of life that can evolve

Answer 14

A population

Question 15

What doesn’t evolve

Answer 15

INDIVIDUALS don’t evolve they adapt

Question 16

What does natural selection act on?

Answer 16

Phenotypes within a generation - variation must be partially heritable for natural selection to result in evolutionary change

Question 17

Why does evolution take time?

Answer 17

Small evoluntary changes can occur rapidly but complex adaptations require accumulation of small changes over a long period of time

Question 18

What were the 4 observations that natural selection was based on

Answer 18

1. Variation
2. High reproductive potential
3. Individual compete
4. Fitness
5. Molecular biology
6. Phenogentics
7. Convergent evolution
8. Anthropocene influence

Question 19

How can we find evidence for evolution

Answer 19

1. Fossil records
2. Comparative anatomy
3. Biogeography
4. Comparative embryology

Question 20

Fossil records

Answer 20

Date with radio-activity (not for all species because soft bodies don’t often leave fossils)

Question 21

Comparative anatomy

Answer 21

Revels the existence of homologous structures (shared origin) beneath the phenotypical characters

Question 22

Biogeography

Answer 22

Distinct classes of organisms found in limited areas which can only be explained by evolution from common ancestors historically restricted in those areas

Question 23

Comparative embryology

Answer 23

Organisms that share a common ancestor but subject to different selection pressure during adulthood where shared differently in their adult structures but share common embryological stages

Question 24

Molecular biology

Answer 24

All living organisms share the same building blocks - DNA sequences are a record or change over time

Question 25

Phylogenetics

Answer 25

History reflects DNA, - we can group species by shared species - evolution is non-directional

Question 26

Convergent evolution

Answer 26

The acquisition of the same biological trait in different lineages - analogous structures: are shared function but not shared ancestry

Question 27

Anthropocene influences

Answer 27

Artificial selection by humans creating new species based on selecting the best traits

Question 28

What happened to the soapberry bugs

Answer 28

- when a new species was introduced into the population, the original food source was changed - an this change persisted leading to a genetic change

Question 29

How old is life on earth

Answer 29

Life on earth is 4.6 billion years old

Question 30

What did Miller-Urey experiment do?

Answer 30

Showed abiotic synthesis - stimulated the conditions of early earth (little oxygen, lots of ammonia-menthane- water- and storms)

Question 31

What is the pathway for how life began on earth

Answer 31

Inorganic molecules - organic molecules - self replicating organic molecules - aggregations - progenote

Question 32

What is the last common ancestor

Answer 32

LUCA - cocestor that arouse from archaea and eventually began the first eukaryote

Question 33

What was the evolution of prokaryotes

Answer 33

Life as a single cell with no nucleus - limited to alter anatomy - limited capacity to extend niches - genetic variation is random EX= Bacteria and archaea

Question 34

*evolution of eukaryotes

Answer 34

Life as a protist - arouse from endosymbiotic hypothesis (evolution of the mitochondria/chloroplast) - adapt or die

Question 35

How did the mitochondria evolve

Answer 35

From a parasitic bacteria that had an efficient metabolism

Question 36

What is the key evidence of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 36

DNA sequencing analysis shows a relationship between mitochondria and non-sulphur purple bacteria

Question 37

Because mitochondria produce a wide range of toxins (ROS) what did it drive selection for

Answer 37

- migration of mtDNA to nucleus - maintence of nuclear envelope - formation of peroxisomes - evolution of more DNA repair mechanisms

Question 38

How are mitochondria passed down through populations

Answer 38

the egg

Question 39

Macro evolution

Answer 39

“Big evolution”

Question 40

What are the two forms of macro-evolution

Answer 40

1. Gradualism 2. Punctuated equilibrium

Question 41

Gradualism

Answer 41

The product of microevolution and adaptive divergence over a long period of time

Question 42

Punctuated equalibrium

Answer 42

Very long and relatively quiescent periods interrupted by short intervals of intense species turnover - spirts of evolutions = macro evolution

Question 43

Adaptive radiation

Answer 43

Disaster that