Evolution Flashcards

(35 cards)

1
Q

What is the source of variations in species?

A

Mutations in the DNA

Variations arise during the S-Phase of interphase.

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2
Q

What is adaptation in the context of evolution?

A

An evolutionary process that allows for a species to survive better

Adaptations are often a result of selective pressures.

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3
Q

How do organisms that grow and reproduce rapidly influence mutation rates?

A

They may have more mutations that could lead to more variations

Example: Bacteria reproduce quickly, leading to mutations that confer resistance.

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4
Q

What is natural selection?

A

An environmental pressure on a population that gives individuals with advantageous traits a selective advantage.

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5
Q

Define fitness in evolutionary biology.

A

The ability to survive and reproduce.

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6
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Humans select certain individuals with desirable traits

Examples include animal breeding and crop farming.

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7
Q

What does monoculture refer to?

A

Populations that are genetically similar or identical.

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8
Q

What is paleontology?

A

The study of fossils.

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9
Q

What are strata in geological terms?

A

The different layers of rock formed over time.

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10
Q

What does catastrophism suggest about the layers of strata?

A

Each layer was the result of catastrophic disasters that wiped out species.

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11
Q

Who proposed the theory of uniformitarianism?

A

Lyell.

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12
Q

What is the main idea behind uniformitarianism?

A

Changes are slow and gradual over time.

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13
Q

What did Lamarck theorize about acquired traits?

A

Beneficial traits acquired over a lifetime could be passed on to offspring.

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14
Q

Who is credited with the concept of natural selection?

A

Darwin.

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15
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Similar/shared structures between distinct and unrelated species.

But these structures serve a complete different function

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16
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Structures that no longer serve a purpose.

17
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Structures with similar functions but different evolutionary origins.

18
Q

What are transitional fossils?

A

Fossils that show the transition between different evolution of species.

19
Q

Define selective mating.

A

Non-random mating where there is a preference for certain alleles.

20
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

The random disappearance of alleles in a population.

21
Q

What is the founders effect?

A

When a small group with low variation breaks off and repopulates in another area.

results in low allele frequency

22
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

A catastrophic that causes the death of many alleles within a population. Results in low allele frequency

23
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Graph of phenotypes shifts towards an extreme variation.

24
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Graph stabilizes at the most common variation.

25
What is disruptive selection?
Graph shifts towards all variations except the most common.
26
What are the mechanisms of speciation?
Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barriers.
27
What is habitat isolation?
Species in separated by different habitats do not interbreed.
28
What is temporal isolation?
Reproductive barrier where species reproduce at different times.
29
What is behavioral isolation?
Species have specific mating behaviors that prevent interbreeding.
30
What is gametic isolation?
Species eggs and sperm may not be compatible.
31
What is mechanical isolation?
Different reproductive organs do not fit together.
32
Define allopatric speciation.
When a population split is caused geographically or by migration.
33
What is sympatric speciation?
An individual mutates enough to no longer reproduce with the population.
34
What is divergent evolution?
Result of environmental change leading to adaptation and speciation. | They have the same common ancestor
35
What is convergent evolution?
Unrelated species develop similar traits due to adapting to similar environments.