Evolution Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
How Linnaeus influenced?
A
1740, Taxonomy (classification)
2
Q
How Hutton influenced?
A
1795, Gradualism
3
Q
How Lamarck influenced?
A
1809, Evolution theory
Species adapt to environmentp
4
Q
How Malthus influenced?
A
Populations
5
Q
How Curvier influenced?
A
Paleontology - what fossils tell us now
Catastrophism (opposite of gradualism)
6
Q
How Lyell influenced?
A
1830, Uniformatism/geology (stratigraphy)
7
Q
How Darwin influenced?
A
Evolution, Natural selection
1831-1835 travel on HMS beagle
1837 notes on origin of species
8
Q
How Wallace influenced?
A
Evolution, Natural selection
1858 Wallace sends his theory to Darwin
9
Q
How Mendel influenced?
A
Inheritance
1865 - Inheritance papers
10
Q
Plato
A
427-347 BC Idealism
11
Q
Aristotle
A
384-322 BC scala naturae (linking highest-lowest)
12
Q
Linnaeus
A
1707 natural theology (creator)
develtoped taxonomy
13
Q
James Hutton
A
Gradualism, changes in fossils occured slowly, and over time. e.g Canyons cut by rivers, river sediments from sedimentary rock.
14
Q
T.D Lysenko
A
Vernalisation in wheat
15
Q
Paul Kammerer
A
Toad pads
Land toads no pads > go water > get pads > back to land> pads remain
16
Q
Epigenetics
A
Heritable changes outside of genetics (DNA)
17
Q
Darwin finches
A
Different finch types were different species
Formulated adaptive radiation and divergence
Local populations = rise to new species
18
Q
Artificial selection
A
Man selected mating to produce artificial product e.g Dalmacian, Bull terrier
19
Q
Overproduction leads to?
A
Competition
20
Q
Competition and variation leads to?
A
Natural Selection
21
Q
Natural selection and inheritance leads to?
A
Adaptive evolution
22
Q
Give an example of natural selection
A
Grey peppered moth
Galapangos finches beak size (bigger in dry year)
23
Q
List the evidence for evolution
A
Biogeography Fossil record Taxonomy Comparative Anatomy Comparative embryology Molecular biology Microevolution
24
Q
What is comparative anatomy?
A
Similarities between bone structures such as wings and limbs have similar “pieces”
25
Relate Analogy and Homology
Analogy is similarity due to convergent funtion i.e bat wing, bird wing
Homology is the ancestry relation between different Analogy i.e reptilian descent
26
How comparative embryology support evolution?
Fish, reptiles, humans and bird all share "gill pouches" at embryonic stage, these later specialise i.e ears,gills
27
What is phylogenetics?
The evolutionary study among groups of organisms via. molecular sequencing data.
28
Give an example of phylogenetics
Beta- haemoglobin of human and gorilla differ by 1 sequence
29
What is natural selection tautology
Phenotype 1 gives more offspring than phenotype 2 therefore, Phenotype 1 is fitter.
30
What is Adaptation, give example
An adaptation is a design solution to an environmental problem
Need to fly? > wings
Need to grab? > pincer
These (traits) are optimally designed by natural selection for their functions
31
Examples of camouflage (mimicry)
Mullerian butterfly
| Mantids
32
Example of sexual selection
Rooster head
| Peacock tail
33
What is the 2 types of Phenotypic characters?
| Give examples
Discontinuous characters - short/long tail
| Continuous/Quantitative characters - height, swim speed
34
What are the focus of Mendelists
discontinuous character and mutation
35
What are the focus of Darwinists
continuous character
36
Define Heritability
% of phenotypic variation in a character that can be accounted for genetically rather than environmentally.
H = Genetic variation/Genetic+environmental variationx100
37
Name factor that can affect phenotype
Environment e.g altitude
| Diet
38
How/What is Polymorphism
When 2 or more types occur in population and one type is <95% i.e all high frequency, polymorphism occur phenotypic or genotypic.
E.g ladybug shell pattern. can mix
color of blood star fish
Blood group (geno polymorphism)
39
Name the sources of Genetic Variation
Point mutations
Unequal crossing over
Meiotic and mitotic recombination
Gene transposition
40
Define Diploidy
Preservation of alleles e.g Cystic FIbrosis which are hidden
41
Uses of sex and recombination
Respond to environmental changes
| but advantage of sex may be lost in small population
42
Isolated populations can form....
distinct gene pools (porcupine herd)
43
What is Hardy-Weinberg theorem
| Give the conditions
```
Calculation of the allele frequency of offsprings
Conditions:
Isolation from other populations
Large population size
Low mutation rate
Random mating
No natural selection
```
44
What is microevolution
Evolution on a short time scale
45
What is neo-darwinism
Combination of Darwins theory of evolution and Mendels theory of inheritance
46
What is Population Genetics
Study of the factors that change the frequency of genes in a population
47
Name contributors of population genetics theory
Ronald Fischer
JBS Haldane
Sewall Wright
48
What are the problems that still need to be solved?
Polymorphism
Natural selection
Genetic drift
49
Name causes of microevolution
```
Genetic Drift
Gene flow
Mutation
Nonrandom-mating
Natural Selection
```
50
Define Genetic drift
An change in a gene pool that happens by "chance", does not necessarily mean natural selection (healthier survives)
51
Define gene flow
Also known as gene migration, transfer of allele/genes from one population to another
52
Define mutation
A change in the DNA, this can cause all sorts of physical changes
53
Define Natural selection
Survival of fittest
54
Name the 3 types of selection that affect gene/allele frequency
Directional selection - changes in 1 direction
e.g Industrial Melanism
Heterozygote advantage - change in both directions (stable)/polymorphic frequency.
e.g Sickle cell
Frequency dependant selection - change both direction (stable)/polymorphic frequency
e.g Batesian mimicry
55
Give a geographic relation between sickle cell and malaria
They have similar locations (overlap)
56
Explain Frequency dependant selection (batesian)
If there is a high population of distasteful model butterflies, the frequency of batesian mimics will increase.
This opposite is also true.
57
Give a relation between population and genetic drift
smaller population genetic pool will drift more likely as there is reduced frequency of natural selection.
58
How to calculate expected heterozygosity
=2 x Af x af
| =2Aa
59
What is the Founder effect?
Isolated population expands
Cause isolated alleles to expands (natural selection)
Results in genetic drift
60
Give frequency examples of harmful alleles
Cystic Fibrosis 0.022 (caucasians)
Tay-Sachs 0.013 (Ashkenazy jews)
Albinism 0.09 (San blas indians of panama)
Retinis pigmentosa 0.04 (trista de cunha)
General typical frequency: 0.001-0.003 (human)
61
What is the significance of mutation?
Over countless generations, a single allele mutation can result in 100% of the population with the mutated allele
62
What are the 3 modes of selection?
Directional selection - where the entire population allele shifts (evolution)
Diversifying selection - the original population splits in 2 different population (disruptive selection)
Stabilising selection - phenotype variation decrease, more phenotype of the same type.
63
Example of balance polymorphism
mouthedness of fish (left or right)
64
What't the difference between stabilising and directional/disruptive selection?
Stabilising involves maintaining status quo, adaption to current evironment
Directional/Disruptive is involved in new adaptation and species
65
What is the problem with morphological concepts?
same species can look different and different species may look similar
66
What is meant by Ring Species
A population of the same species that is separated geographically but are still able to interact. e.g Salamander
67
Define Prezygotic
Prevention of mating/fertalisation
68
Define Postzygotic
Prevent development of viable, fertile adults
69
What is mechanical isolation
e.g Hummingbird can only drink from certain plants made for their beaks
70
Allopatry
Geographical isolation
71
Sympatric speciation
Disruptive/Diversifying selection occurs within the same population and 2 distinct species form.
Low chance as it goes against evolution/divergence.
72
Allopolyploidy
Sympatric speciation that occur within plants
73
Define adaptive radiation
When a organisms diversify into multitude of forms due to environment changes
74
What is Humans closest living relative?
Chimp
75
Mitochondrial DNA is only passed from
The mother through the egg
76
Relationship between Neanderthals and humans
They did not interbreed hence they are not our ancestors but closest relative
77
Where did humans evolve?
Africa, followed by migration from Africa
78
How is human migration and dates determined?
Evolutionary tree and geographic frequencies
79
State the synthesis of organic compounds on earth.
1) Water vapour + chemicals (volc. eruptions)
2) Reducing environment
3) Abiotic synthesis made possible
4) Small organic molecules polymerise when concentrated on hot sand/clay/rock
80
Define Abiotic
Non living components which affect life in the environment
81
Define Protobionts
Aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane, exhibits simple reproduction and metabolism and maintain an internal chemical environment. They are formed from Abiotic compounds. E.g liposomes form when organic molecules are added to water.
82
What was the first genetic material?
RNA, not DNA
83
Define ribozymes
RNA molecules that catalyse reactions They can make complimentary copies of their own sequence.
84
List the problems of macroevolution
```
Novel adaptations
Evolution trends
Speciation and Evolutionary rate
Influence geological changes
Extinction of species
Fluctuations in biological diversity
```
85
What technique is used to date fossils?
Geochronology radioactive decay
86
Define heterochrony
change in the timing or rate of development
87
Define allometric change
Alteration in relative growth rates of different body parts
88
Define paedomophosis
Reproduction occurring in ancestral juvenile form
89
Define neoteny
slow down soma development
90
Define progenesis
speed up germ line development
91
Define homeosis
Alteration in the placement of different body parts
92
What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium?
Gradualism- An organism that splits in 2 species that further differentiate (more different) as time continues
This is called anagenesis
Punctuated-An organism that splits in >2 species but their genetic make-up (difference) do not further differentiate (cladogenesis)
93
What are the 2 evolutionary trends in cladogenetic model?
Differential speciation - equal, diversify species
| Differential extinction - unequal
94
State the ratite birds
Ostrich,Rhea,Emu,Kiwi,Tinamou,Cassowary.
| All came from 1 descendant of ratite bird (monoplyletic)
95
Model Mendel studied
Peas
96
Mendels law of segregation
Alleles do not blend together
97
What is incomplete dominance
When an allele does not fully take over, instead it partially takes over i.e red + white = pink
98
Define Pleiotropy
When gene influences more than 1 character
99
Define epistasis
different locus
100
5 Penetrance and expressivity (CICVI)
Complete penetrance- genotypes yeild 100% expected phenotypes
Incomplete penetrance-genotypes yeild <100% expected phenotypes
Constant expressitivity- Genotypes with no expressitivity yeild 100% of expected phenotype
Variable expressitivity - Genotype with expressitivity affect a range of phenotype
Incomplete pen + variable ex - genotypes produce broad range of phenotypes
101
Environment can affect phenotype, give example
Hydrangea flower colour affected by acidity and aluminium content of soil
102
3 Disadvantages of human in medelian genetics
Cannot cross artificially
Small family sizes
complex techniques
103
2 Factors affecting deleterious mutations
CFTR gene - ion transport
| Frequency determined by balance of mutation and selection
104
Interbreeding in humans
severe mutation
105
3 multifactorial disorders caused by quantitative trait loci (QTLs)
heart disease
alcoholism
schizophrenia
106
how to test foetus for genetic disorders
Amniotic fluid drawn then contrifugation
107
3 "re discoverers of mendels results 1900 (VCT)
Vries
Correns
Tschermak
108
Who put forward chromosomes theory of inheritance?
Sutton and Boyeri
109
Who discovered sex linkage and genetic maps?
TH Morgan
110
Exam of sex linked inheritance
The Y sperm gene of male drosophila gives white eyes
111
Recombination frequency equation
RF = Recombination/Total offspring x 100 = %?
RF relates to chromosome physical distance
112
What is the sex determination system?
SRY gene found on the Y chromosome
113
What is the Lyon effect?
When 2 alleles switch on and off, this results in the phenotype of 2 different alleles, orange+black fur.
The cause of this is dosage compensation
114
DNA deletion in mt
damage proportion to ageing and inherited maternally
115
Errors and exceptions in chromosomal inheritance
Meiotic nondisjunction - unbalance chromosome no.
this is related to downs syndrome
Reciprocal translocation (inherited)
Genomic imprinting
116
Dinosaur became extinct on the...
Cretaceous period
