Evolution Flashcards
(44 cards)
define- Theory Of Evolution
A process in which significant changes in the inheritable traits of a species or population occur over time.
The Scientific Method (5 steps)
- Observations
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Prediction
- Test
Arguments Against Evolution: Plato
An ideal and perfect form (man) does not change and variation is evidence for imperfection and is not stable.
Arguments Against Evolution: Aristole
Organisms were arranged in ascending order from simple to complex. You could not pass on to your offspring something different from what you are.
Arguments Against Evolution: Judeo/ Christian Theology
Unless man was exempt from natural law man could not have changed since man was created in the “likeness of god”.
Evidence For Evolution: From Paleontology (fossil record)
From geological strata (rock layers) or disintegration of a radioactive compound that is constant, a compound can be shown to show the fauna and flora do not remain constant.
Flora: ?
Fauna: ?
Flora = Plant Fauna = Animal
Name The 3 Arguments Against Evolution
- Plato
- Aristole
- Judeo/ Christian Theology
Name The 5 Arguments FOR Evolution
- From Paleontology
- From Comparative Anatomy
- From Biochemistry
- From Embryology
- From Patterns of Distribution
Evidence For Evolution: Comparative Anatomy
From homologous structures found in different species that share common ancestry. This provides evidence that differences from the basic structures of a given organ have resulted from modifications which reflect new adaptions to functions. i.e. from analogous structures found in various unrelated species like wings from bat, bird, insect.
Evidence For Evolution: From Biochemistry
From similarities found in DNA base sequencing among primates. This evidence suggests again progressive change and common ancestry. i.e. comparing chromosomes.
Evidence For Evolution: From Embryology
From ontogeny, which is the successive stages during the development of an animal primarily embryotic but also postnatal. Similarities among stages between organisms. This supports common ancestry. i.e. evidence of gills in embryos of all animals.
Evidence For Evolution: From Patterns of Distribution
If isolated and not able to interact, organisms even if once related, will change and form new species. Suggests that environment can pressure change in a population of organisms. i.e. Darwin’s Finch’s: finches of different environment had different traits.
CTT- Lyell (1797-1875): Theory Of Uniformitarianism
“the present is key to the past,” - fossils represent the concrete record of Earths history.
CTT- Malthus (1766-1834): Malthusian Checks
Proposed organisms produce more offspring than necessary than can survive under normal circumstances. Checks such as famine, natural disasters are important to keep populations from exploding.
CTT- Lamarck (1744-1829): Inheritance Of Acquired Traits
Proposed environment affects shape and organisation of animals.
CTT- Darwin (1809-1882): Theory Of Natural Selection
Four Points
1) the variation is already present among individuals of most populations.
2) variation is inherited
3) populations produce more than environment can handle
4) traits best adaptive survive and leave more offspring
What does Natural Selection result in?
Determines the fittest individuals. fitness refers to ones relative gene pool of the next generation.
Alleles
alternate forms of a gene. i.e dominant or recessive.
Genotype
Alleles found on the chromosome of an individual
Gene Pool
Total number of alleles present in a population and can change over time.
What do these determine:
AA Homozygous Dominant
Aa Heterozygous
aa Homozygous Recessive
The phenotype of an individual.
Micro-evolution
Changes in gene frequencies and phenotypic traits within population; may result in a new species.
Speciation
A process in which a new species arise.
