Evolution 3

Question 1

Mutation

Answer 1

A change in DNA

Question 2

GMO

Answer 2

Genetically modified organisms

Question 3

Genetic engineering

Answer 3

agriculture, Incas chose specific potatoes over 8,000 years and this developed 4000 strains of potato

Question 4

Lateral transfer

Answer 4

A natural form of genetic modifiction

Question 5

DNA

Answer 5

most in nuclei but some is mitochondria

Question 6

4 bases

Answer 6

A,C,T, or G

Question 7

Protein function

Answer 7

Transportation, nerve function, (pumps, channels, markers, and receptors), immunity

Question 8

Mutagen

Answer 8

something that causes mutations (such as radiation or chemicals)

Question 9

Radiation

Answer 9

Can break or alter strands of DNA.

Question 10

Point mutation

Answer 10

A single change to one point of a gene, insertion or deletion of a gene

Question 11

Substitution

Answer 11

replaces one base pair with another

Question 12

Frameshift mutation

Answer 12

insertion or deletion of a gene

Question 13

Inversion

Answer 13

Reversal of a section of the DNA sequence

Question 14

Sickle cell anemia

Answer 14

Mutation in the red blood cells that cause clogging in the capillaries, causing anemia and organ damage. Also gives an immunity to malaria

Question 15

Homeotic (Hox) Gene

Answer 15

A gene which defines an area or region in the embryo

Question 16

Neoteny

Answer 16

retaining juvenal features

Question 17

Coevolution arms race

Answer 17

rough-skinned newts and snakes

Question 18

Phylogeny

Answer 18

a kind of family tree

Question 19

Molecular clock

Answer 19

Putting time scales on family trees, assumes constant mutation rate.

Question 20

Stromatolites

Answer 20

fossil algal/bacterial reefs

Question 21

Amber

Answer 21

organisms in amber are technically not fossilized since they are still intact

Question 22

Fossil creation

Answer 22

1. protected from being eaten, decayed, or eroded. 2. buried in sediment fine enough to preserve detail. 3. water is present at some point to replace organic matter with minerals

Question 23

Fossil fuels

Answer 23

Form in peat bogs, ocean/lake beds, marshes, and swamps

Question 24

Index fossils

Answer 24

Fossils that help tell a time period such as rodent teeth

Question 25

Geologic age of earth

Answer 25

4.6 billion years

Question 26

First life on earth

Answer 26

about 4 billion years ago

Question 27

Creationist age of earth

Answer 27

6 thousand years

Question 28

Varves

Answer 28

annual layers in sediment

Question 29

Lake suigetsu, lake Sihailongwan

Answer 29

60,000 and 65,000 varves

Question 30

Ice sheets

Answer 30

a different form of varve but still annual layers. Epica ice core has 800,000 varves

Question 31

Radiometric dating

Answer 31

A form of dating that counts the number of particles shot from the nucleus of a radioactive atom for a given period of time.

Question 32

C-14

Answer 32

half life of 5,730 years

Question 33

C-14 dating

Answer 33

developed by Willard libby, limit is about 50,000 years

Question 34

Potassium-argon dating (K-Ar)

Answer 34

half live of 1.25 billion years, this only works on igneous rock, more argon waste gas the older it is.

Question 35

Sediment dating

Answer 35

lava flows or volcanic ash are crucial to give time period.

Question 36

First hydrogen atoms

Answer 36

13.8 billion years ago

Question 37

Iron

Answer 37

is the last stage of a star before exploding

Question 38

Our solar system age

Answer 38

condensed from an explosion about 4.6 billion years ago

Question 39

Alexander Oparin and J.B.S Haldane

Answer 39

proposed that early earth had a reducing atmosphere

Question 40

Urey-Miller experiment

Answer 40

An experiment where they recreated an atmosphere with certain conditions and formed amino acids

Question 41

Geologic timescale

Answer 41

broken up into eras (Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic)

Question 42

Precambrian

Answer 42

4 billion to 600 million

Question 43

Paleozoic

Answer 43

600-250 million

Question 44

Mesozoic

Answer 44

250-65 million

Question 45

Cenozoic

Answer 45

65 million to now

Question 46

Oldest fossils

Answer 46

by 2.5 billion years ago

Question 47

Oxygen crisis

Answer 47

2 billion years ago caused visible oxidation in the rocks. Likely caused by cyanobacteria

Question 48

First microbes

Answer 48

seemed to be anerobic organisms

Question 49

Eukaryotes

Answer 49

first non-bacteria ancestors appeared after the oxygen crisis. = algae: 1.8 billion years old

Question 50

Endo-symbiont hypothesis

Answer 50

Eukaryotes arose by absorbing aerobic prokaryotes or keeping them in colonies and their descendants are the mitochondria

Question 51

Cambrian explosion

Answer 51

more diverse fossils popping into existence at the end of the pre-cambrian era 600 million years ago

Question 52

Ediacarans

Answer 52

700-600 million years ago, had soft bodies which made fossils hard to discover

Question 53

Forests of the paleozoic

Answer 53

were mainly ferns, horsetail, and lycophytes which reproduced only with spores and not seeds

Question 54

Paleozoic coal forests

Answer 54

the main source of coal deposits

Question 55

Paleozoic plant sequence

Answer 55

mosses, then ferns and relatives, on to conifers as the first seed plants

Question 56

Trilobites

Answer 56

only in marine deposits of paleozoic age

Question 57

First animal with vertebrae

Answer 57

fish!!!!!!

Question 58

Last to appear

Answer 58

bony fish

Question 59

First land animals

Answer 59

arthropods (insects & spiders) (early paleozoic)

Question 60

Mid-paleozoic

Answer 60

first vertebrate animals on land

Question 61

Two lineages of bony fish

Answer 61

Ray-finned fish (ancestor of most common day fish), Lobe-finned fish (our probable ancestor)

Question 62

Late paleozoic

Answer 62

had definite amphibians

Question 63

First reptiles

Answer 63

appeared in the last part of the paleozoic era

Question 64

Permian extinciton

Answer 64

250 million years ago, largest mass extinction of all time