Evolution

Question 1

What is adaptation?

Answer 1

Occurs as a result of an increase in those genes that allow individuals in a population to better survive and reproduce in a changing environment

Question 2

What is fitness

Answer 2

A measure of an organisms ability to maximize the numbers of offspring surviving to reproductive age

Question 3

Name the 3 types of universality of adaptation

Answer 3

1) life occurs essentially everywhere in and in the earth
2) each species is adapted to its own niche
3) without adaptations species become extinct

Question 4

What are the different types of adaptation

Answer 4

Preclation
Colouration
Mimicry 
Warning colouration
Morphology
Behavioural

Question 5

What is preclation?

Answer 5

Protection against predators

Question 6

What is colouration

Answer 6

Works for both predator and prey, this is when an organism blends into its environment

Question 7

What is warning colouration?

Answer 7

Exists in animals that produce toxins or some other defence mechanism, acts as a warning for predators

Question 8

What is mimicry?

Answer 8

A defenceless animal takes on a physical likeness to an animals that has qualities that a predator knows to avoid

Question 9

What is morphology?

Answer 9

Physical attributes that help species survive

Question 10

What is behavioural adaptations

Answer 10

Changing behaviour depending on season

Question 11

What are the different types of natural selection?

Answer 11

Directional
Disruptive
Stabilizing
Sexual 
Genetic drift
Genetic bottlenecks 
Founder affect

Question 12

What is directional selection?

Answer 12

A populations genetic variance shifts towards a new phenotype when exposed to environmental change

Question 13

What is disruptive selection?

Answer 13

Extreme values for a trait are favoured over intermediate

Question 14

What is stabilizing selection

Answer 14

Genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes around one certain trait

Question 15

What is sexual selection?

Answer 15

Differential reproductive success aided by variation in the ability to obtain mates, resulting in sexual dimorphism and matin courtship behaviours

Question 16

What is genetic drift?

Answer 16

Changes to the allele frequency as a result of chance, such changes are more pronounced in small populations, the prevalence of a certain allele can become very prominent or extinct over a small number of generations

Question 17

What is genetic bottlenecks?

Answer 17

A dramatic, often temporary reduction in population size usually resulting in dementia drift

Question 18

What is the founder effect?

Answer 18

Genetic drift that results when a small number of individuals spectate from their original population and establish a new population

Question 19

What is speciation?

Answer 19

When all members of a population can interbreed, populations of different species don’t exchange genetic information

Question 20

What is modes of speciation?

Answer 20

In order for a new species to form, the original species must evolve enough to create a new interbreeding population

Question 21

I hat is prezygotic?

Answer 21

Habitat, mating season (before)

Question 22

What is postzygotic?

Answer 22

(After) zygote can mortality, hybrid unavailability

Question 23

What is allopathic speciation?

Answer 23

The formation of a new species as a result of evolutionary changes following a period, once separated can no longer exchange genetic info

Question 24

What is sympatric speciation

Answer 24

The evolution of populations within the same geographic area into deprecate species

Question 25

What is adaptive radiation?

Answer 25

Relatively rapid evolution of a single species into many new species filling a variety of formerly empty ecological niches Ex- finches

Question 26

What is divergent evolution?

Answer 26

In any ecosystem there's a umber of roles to be filled. These roles are never filled by one species. Causes large scale evolution of a group into many different forms Outcome 1: completion between species Outcome 2: increase in biodiversity as species evolve to fill available niches

Question 27

What is convergent evolution

Answer 27

When species are places under different types of pressure it causes divergent evolution

Question 28

Practise question: evolution will be able to compensate for the ongoing problem of rapidly decreasing species diversity. Respond the this statement

Answer 28

* Agree or disagree? * Evolution doesn't occur rapidly * Stabilizing selection -natural selection * Major events affect evolution * Mutations in bigger population/ more diverse will have more * Artificial selection * Definition of a species * Speciation * make connection to other units (biodiversity) to show how it's effected * How humans affect this - hunting, changing environment (global warming)

Question 29

What is coevolution?

Answer 29

Species are constantly evolving, other species therefore evolve to changes made

Question 30

What is macro evolution?

Answer 30

Large scale evolutionary changes including the formation of new species and toxins

Question 31

What is micro evolution

Answer 31

Small scale evolution.

Question 32

What is abiogenesis?

Answer 32

Origin of life from a non living matter

Question 33

What is cladistics?

Answer 33

A method of determining evolutionary relationships based on the presents or absence of recently evolved traits