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Human Bio 1101 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is evolution

A

biological change over timeinherited genetic makeup

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2
Q

population

A

a group within a species of interbreeding individuals and their offspring

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3
Q

small scale evolution

A

changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next

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4
Q

large scale evolution

A

the decent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations

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5
Q

peppered moth

A

2 types- light and dark. The population of melanic (dark) has changed from 1% to 99% due to the environemental change (smoke, industrial revolution)

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6
Q

3 debates in evolution

A

1- is evolution real
2- what course did that evolution take
3- what is the mechanism for the genetic change over time

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7
Q

pre darwinian evolutionary ideas

A
  • early greek philosophers- posited a static unchanging view on the world
  • western thought that the world and its entirity was created by god in their present form showing little change of generations
  • European renaissance: scientific method
  • minister John Ray argued for a scientific sequence of comparisons among organisms
  • Jean-Baptiste Lamrack: believed that the environment would affect the future shape and organization of animals
  • Charles Lyall and James hutton - uniformitarianism
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8
Q

Carolus Linneaus

A

argued that species were fixed and unchangeable and were created orginally as we find them today (mordern taxonomy)
FACT: fixity of species

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9
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A

FACT: change of species
species did change over time and believed in evolution
- scale of nature, species would change and get higher up the scale and get better and better

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10
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • he found obserable variation in species
  • species vaired from place to place
  • variations were dependant on the enevironment
  • decent with modification
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11
Q

Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus

A
  • unchecked breeding causes populations to grow geomertically whereas food supply grows more slowly
  • the population increases faster than the food supply so some people survive but some people die
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12
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Principle of Uniformitarianism: laws of physics and chemisty have not changed throughout earths history
- past geological events occured by natural processes similar to those observed todya

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13
Q

darwins model of evolution by natural selection (obseravtions)

A

1- organisms have great potential fertility which permits expodential growth of populations
2- natural populations normally do not increase exponentially but remain fairly constant in size
3- natrual resources are limited

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14
Q

darwins model of evolution by natural selection (Inference)

A

1- a struggle for existence occurs among organisms in a population
2- varying organisms show differnetial surival and reproduction, favouring advantageous traits
3- natrual selection acting over many genrations gradually produces new adaptations and new species

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15
Q

darwin and wallace

A

evolutionary change is caused by differential survival and reproduction mong organisms differing in hereditary traits

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16
Q

darwin and wallace conditions and mechanism

A

1- intrinsic increase in number of individuals within a species
2- competition for limited resources
3- survival of the few
Mechanism: natural selection

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17
Q

natural selection

A

the preservation of favourable individual differences and variations and the destruction of those which are injurious

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18
Q

cliff swallow (natural selection)

A

change in environment leads to a change in selection pressures
large bodies, more symmertical wings and tail feathers

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19
Q

Heredity

A

mutations in genes and chromosomes produce new variations which are passed on to sunsequent generations

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20
Q

Mendel

A

believed that inherited characters did not blend but were transmitted as discrete particals (1 element has 2 possible particals)

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21
Q

Mendels law of inhertiance

A

1- no diminishing characteristc
2- each individual carries a pair of alleles for each trait
3- alleles dominant or recessive
4- during formation each allele travles to its own gamete
5- alleles controlling a trait reach gametes independently of alleles controlling other traits

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22
Q

gene

A

a unit of ingeritance affecting the characterstics of a trait

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23
Q

allele

A

one of two or more alternative expressions of a gene

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24
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of someone

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25
gene pool
all genes in the eggs and sperm in a population
26
phenotype
the expression of the genotype and environment
27
muatation
a spontaneous error in DNA replication leading to a heritable change in a individuals genome
28
genetic combinations are created in 2 ways
1- corssing over during meiosis | 2- sexual reproduction
29
selection pressures
- biotic factos (competiton, predation, disease) | - Abiotic factors (climate, topography, habitat)
30
Types of selection
``` Natural selection: - stabilising selection - directional selection - disruptive selection Artifical selection Sexual selection ```
31
stabilising selection
selects against the extreme phenotypes
32
directional selection
phenotypic character shifts in one direction
33
disruptive selection
selects against average phenotypes
34
artifical selection
humans are the selecting factor (select the advantages traits)
35
sexual selection
selection in traits that give an individual an advantage in attracting mates, even if these traits are neutal or harmful for survival
36
speciation
the evoluntary process or event by which new species arise
37
principals of science
- Science is guided by natural law – Science has to be explained by reference to natural law – Science is testable – The conclusions of science are tentative – Science is falsifiable
38
Scientific method
hypothetico deductive method: Scientific process of making a conjecture (hypothesis) based on observations and then seeking empirical tests that potentially lead to its rejection
39
Evidence for evolution
- fossil record | - stratigraphy
40
fossil record
a date of the sequence of morphological change. provided evidence of change over time
41
evolutionary trends
are directional changes in features and diversity of organisms - perpetual change - common ancestry - anagensis
42
comparative anatomy - homologies
- forelimbs of bat, mole, and dugong - each limb performs different functons - all are superficially different - all share common underlying anatomical plan
43
homology
the same organ in different organisms under every variety of form and function
44
phylogenetic constraint
evolution is constrained by ancestry - a species may inherit particular traits or developmental systems that contrain the possible variation that forms the basis of new adaptations
45
vestigial features
some features in animals are reduced because they are no longer required for survival
46
atavistic features
'throwback features' such as the number of toes that the horse walk on
47
analogous features
similar features evolve independantly through similar environmental selection pressures
48
convergent evolution
separate lineages that were quite different but become similar because of similar lifestyles
49
homologies
similar characterstics shared by two different organisms because they were inherited from a common ancestor
50
analogies
are similar characterstics shared by two differetn organisms because of convergent evolution
51
homoplasmy
structures are similar in apperance may or may not be homolgous or analogous
52
artifical selection
a process in the breeding of animals and in the cultivation of plants by which the breeder chooses to perpetuate only those forms having certain desirable inheritable characteristics.
53
adaptive radiation
the formation of many new species following the availabilty of new environments or the development of new adaptation
54
fossil record and living species evidence is due to what course and what mechansim
``` • COURSE – Descent with modification – Gradualism vs punctuated equilibrium – Mosaic evolution • MECHANISM 1. Natural selection 2. Mutation 3. Gene flow (migration & reproduction) 4. Random genetic drift = evolutionary forces ```
55
Biogeography
the study of the distribution of species across space (geography) and time.
56
taxonomy
the science of describing and classfying organisms
57
examples of natural selection in human populations
Human populations have adapted genetically to recent changes in their environment (i.e. selection pressures) • Adaptation to living in high altitudes (Tibetan & Andean populations) • Arsenic tolerance in Puna Indians (Argentinian Andes) • Lactose tolerance (lactase persistence) in agricultural communities
58
natural selection define
a mechanism for evolutnary change favouring the survival and reprdocution of some organisms over other because of their biological characterstics
59
medicine evolution
- emerging dieases - origin of dieases - vectos of disease - treatment of diease - drug development - obesity, metabolic sydrome and diabetes
60
conservation biology
``` Low population numbers = low genetic variation of the gene pool • Endangered populations are vulnerable to high death rates due to selective pressures (e.g. disease) ```
61
agriculture and horticulture
- applied evolution - Humans use evolutionary principles and processes to improve crops and animal stocks
62
weeds and feral animals
- dispersal of invasive species | - crop mimicry
63
forensics
- interpreting and analysin DNA evidence | - different populations evolve to have different alleles and different frequencys
64
human behaviour
our behaviour share similarties with that of other animals - emotions - relationships with others especially family - parental care - mate choice and long term pair bonds
65
evolution essentials
- System of reproduction - Inherited variation - Differential reproductive success (fitness) - Changing environment - Selective pressures
66
taxonomy
the science of describing and classifiying organisms
67
species
a group of populations whose memebers can interbreed naturally and produce fertile offspring
68
genus
groups of species with similar adaptation
69
uniformitariansim
the obeservation tha the geological processes that operate in the world today also operate in the past (james hutton, Charles Lyall)
70
decent with modification
diversity of animals has stemmed from a ancestor and then the ancestor overtime many species evolved (branched) from the one species.
71
genes change over time due to 3 things (evolutunary forces)
- mutation - natural selection - gene flow - random genetic drift.
72
fitness
an organisms probability of survival and reproduction
73
evolutanry forces- mutation
introduces new alleles into the population. therefore the frequency of alleles will change overtime
74
evolutionary force- genetic drift
a mechanism for evolutionary change resulting from random fluctuations of gene frequencies from one generation to the next
75
genetic dift can be influnced by what?
- population size: the larger the population the less change will occur from one generation to the next
76
evoluntary force- gene flow
a mechanism for evoluntary change resulting from the movement of genes from one populatio to aother
77
gene flow can be affected by?
- variety of environment - cultural factors - geographic distance
78
speciation
the formation of new species from a parent species
79
steps of speciation
1- reproductive isolation 2- genetic divergance 3- adaptive radiation
80
steps of speciation- reproductive isolation
is genetic change that can lead to an inability to produce fertile offspring
81
steps of speciation- genetic divergence
the evoluntary forces will affect the genetic divergence however once gene flow has been eliminated the other forces will act to make the populations genetically divergent. This process continues until they become sperate species
82
steps of speciation- adaptive radiation
the process of speciation results in 2 species, the orginal parent species and the new offspring species. This rapid diversifcation of species is associated with changing environmental conditions
83
gradualism
whereby changes occur at a slow, steady rate over time
84
punctuated equilibrium
long periods of little evolutionary change are followed by relativley short periods of rapid evoluntary change
85
cladogensis
the formation of one or more new species from another over time
86
orthogensis
evolution will continue in a given direction because of some vaguley defined force
87
anagensis
teh transformation of a single species over time

Human Bio 1101 (8 decks)

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