Evolution

Question 1

What is Evolution?

Answer 1

Evolution is the context in which all of biology can be understood
Evolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population from generation to generation

Question 2

What is an Gene?

Answer 2

A unit of DNA that codes for a protein; unit of heredity.

Question 3

What is an Allele?

Answer 3

Alternate forms of the same gene, different alleles may code for different phenotype.

Question 4

What is a Phenotype?

Answer 4

The set of observable physical characteristic of an organism; product
of genes and the environment.

Question 5

What is Genotype?

Answer 5

An individual’s set of genes; the pair of alleles an organism has for a
gene.

Question 6

Inherited?

Answer 6

Characteristic passed from parent to offspring through genes.
Generation to Generation

Question 7

What is Frequency?

Answer 7

Think percent; how common an allele is in a population relative to the
other alleles for that gene.

Question 8

What is population?

Answer 8

Set of individuals of a species that live in the same area and
interbreed.

Question 9

What is a mutation?

Answer 9

A permanent change in an organism’s DNA sequence that may or may
not result in phenotypic change.
1. Occur randomly
2. Ultimate source of genetic variation

Question 10

What is Fitness?

Answer 10

The average number of offspring produced by individuals of a given genotype

1. High Fitness- More alleles passed on to next generation.
2. Low Fitness- Less alleles passed on to next generation.

Question 11

At what level is Evolution talked about?

Answer 11

Population

Question 12

Evolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population from generation to generation - Can occur via 4 mechanisms:

Answer 12

Natural Selection
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Mutation

Question 13

Adaptive(non-random) Evolution:

Answer 13

Natural Selection

Question 14

Non-Adaptive(random) Evolution:

Answer 14

Mutation
Gene flow
Genetic drift

Question 15

Any mutation is?

Answer 15

Evolution

Question 16

What is Natural Selection?

Answer 16

Survival:
Reproduction:
Response to environmental Pressure:
Variation: Pre-existing variation needed.

Question 17

What is a Mutation?

Answer 17

A permanent change in a DNA sequence.

Question 18

What is Genetic drift?

Answer 18

More alleles for generation to generation.

Question 19

What is Gene Flow?

Answer 19

A random change in frequency.

Question 20

Random occurrence can result

Answer 20

Evolution of population.

Question 21

Which of the following is/are true about alleles?
A.An allele is a version of a gene and one gene may have many different alleles.
B. Different alleles may result in different phenotypes.
C. Different alleles may result in variation among individuals within populations. D. All but one of the above are correct.
E. A, B, and C are correct

Answer 21

E. A, B, and C are correct.

Question 22

Phenotype is?
A. The physical expression of an organism’s genotype
B. The pair of alleles an organism has for a gene
C. the suite of genes of an organism
D. A and C are correct
E. A an B are correct

Answer 22

A. The physical expression of an organism’s genotype

Question 23

Which is/are the most likely ways that beneficial characteristics can increase in frequency in a population?
A. Individuals with beneficial characteristics for the environment reproduce more than individuals without them.
B. Multiple individuals all develop mutations that result in the same beneficial phenotype.
C. Individuals without beneficial characteristics for the environment are more likely to die.
D. A and C are correct
E. All of the above are equally likely

Answer 23

D. A and C are correct

Question 24

How will the population likely respond to the introduction of the predator?
A. A mutation that results in camouflage will likely occur to allow the survival of the population.
B. A mutation for decreased tail size will likely occur to allow the survival of the population.
C. The population will likely die out or decline precipitously.
D. All of the above are equally likely.

Answer 24

C. The population will likely die out or decline precipitously.

Question 25

Which group of birds is most likely to immigrate to the island with predator pressure? A. Red Birds B. Green Birds C. Yellow Birds D. No differences between the groups for probability of migration

Answer 25

D. No differences between the groups for probability of migration

Question 26

Does evolution by gene flow result in an increase in the frequency adaptive phenotypes over generations? A. Yes B. No

Answer 26

A. Yes

Question 27

Examine the pictures: predict which population will experience allele fixation fastest due to genetic drift. A. Population of 10 B. Population of 100 C. Population of 1000

Answer 27

A. Population of 10

Question 28

Given your knowledge of genetic drift, which of the following is the best prediction? A. Genetic diversity will be highest in larger conservancies and lowest in smaller conservancies. B. There will be no relationship between conservancy size and genetic diversity. C. Genetic diversity will be lowest in larger conservancies and greatest in smaller conservancies D. None of the above.

Answer 28

A. Genetic diversity will be highest in larger conservancies and lowest in smaller conservancies.

Question 29

Given these results, what is/are the best way to encourage genetic diversity when designing conservancies? A. Maintain many small conservancies B. Maintain a lower number of very large conservancies C. Connect conservancies with ecological corridors (pathways of habitable area between conservancies) D. Maintain disconnected conservancies E. A and C F. B and C

Answer 29

F. B and C

Question 30

Which of the following best explains why this mutation occurred? A. Heavy use of pesticides resulted in individuals without the resistance mutation dying and not passing on their alleles to the next generation. The pesticide resistance allele became more common as a result. B. Individuals with the pesticide resistance allele survived heavy applications of pesticide and they passed on their alleles to the next generation. The pesticide resistance allele became more common as a result. C. Both A and B explain why this mutation occurred. D. Neither A nor B explain why this mutation occurred.

Answer 30

D. Neither A nor B explain why this mutation occurred

Question 31

What is Genetic Diversity?

Answer 31

The number and proportions of different alleles for genes in a population. a. More different alleles for a gene= more genetic diversity. b. Even more proportions of different alleles= more genetic diversity.

Question 32

What is Allele fixation?

Answer 32

only one allele present in a population for a given gene.

Question 33

What is Fragmentation?

Answer 33

previously large, continuous habitat broken into smaller unconnected pieces.

Question 34

What are Bottleneck effects​?

Answer 34

occur when an environmental/ human catastrophe decimates a large percent of the population.

Question 35

What are Founder events?

Answer 35

a new, smaller population of “founders” break-off from the original population.

Question 36

What is Gene flow?

Answer 36

introduction or removal of alleles from a population- change allele frequencies.

Question 37

Types of Genetic Drift?

Answer 37

Bottleneck effects. | Founder effects.

Question 38

How do we measure changes in genetic diversity?

Answer 38

Number of generations to allele fixation.