EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION Flashcards
(30 cards)
GMO
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM
an animal, plant, or microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
SPECIALIST VS GENERALIST
https://youtu.be/92jyCtPR038
What are 3 types of natural selection?
Stabilizing
Directional
Disruptive
NICHE
the role an organism plays in a community
DISRUPTIVE GRAPH
selection pressures act against individuals in the middle of the trait distribution
The result is a bimodal, or two-peaked, curve in which the two extremes of the curve create their own smaller curves.
DIRECTIONAL GRAPH
one extreme of the trait distribution experiences selection against it
STABILIZING GRAPH
two extremes of a trait
What type of graph is this?
red is before, blue is after
DISRUPTIVE
What type of graph is this?
red is before, blue is after
STABILIZING
What type of graph is this?
red is before, blue is after
DIRECTIONAL
CO-EVOLUTION
two traits in the same species affecting each other’s evolution
ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
result of a supernatural event, beyond the descriptive powers of physics, chemistry, and other science.
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
similar structures that evolved independently in two living organisms to serve the same purpose.
HOMOLOGOUS SRUCTURES
organs or skeletal elements of animals and organisms that, by virtue of their similarity, suggest their connection to a common ancestor
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
population of animals, plants, or other organisms that are separated from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species
FITNESS
ability of an organism to pass on its genetic material to its offspring
MUTATION
changes in chromosomes and genes, which typically manifest physically
NATURAL SELECTION - describe what is going on in this graph
At Time 1, the butterflies have a fairly normal distribution of the “shade” trait. Some are completely white, and some are completely black, but most fall in the “gray” range. This trait, ultimately, is caused by a gene that creates black pigment. Completely white butterflies produce no pigment, while black butterflies produce a large amount of pigment. This is largely a function of how quickly their “black-pigment-creating-protein” operates.
However, the birds only like to eat gray butterflies. The black ones look like holes in the tree, and the white ones are too hard to see. As the birds eat the gray butterflies, the frequency of the other two traits begins to rise. This is an example of disruptive selection. There is also directional selection and stabilizing selection, both of which show how the forces of natural selection lead to adaptation within a population.
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
human selection of breeding pairs to produce favorable offspring
INKY
VARIATION
individual with characteristics different from the others of the same kind
HMS BEAGLE
ship that is notable for carrying the recently graduated naturalist Charles Darwin around the world
CHARLES DARWIN
Scientist with the proposition that all species of life have descended from common ancestors. NATURAL SELECTION
LYELL
Close friend of Charles Darwin, and contributed significantly to Darwin’s thinking on the processes involved in evolution.
MALTHUS
A philosopher who had a theory that food production will not be able to keep up with growth in the human population, resulting in disease, famine, war, and calamity.
