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neuroscience psy 108 > evolution and behaviour > Flashcards

evolution and behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

darwins finches beaks

A

specialised to particular feeding niche

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2
Q

natural selection steps

A
  1. variation exists within species
  2. some variation is heritable
  3. species produce more offspring that can possibly survive
  4. individuals more suited to physical and biological environemnt are more likely to survive and pass on those attribute to offering
  5. leading to changes within a species
  6. may get several pockets of change with different adaptations
  7. eventually diversfication may be so great that new species is born and the possibility for interbreeding to produce viable fertile offspring is removed
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3
Q

darwin’s theory in genetic terms

A
  1. all organisms have genes
  2. genes are passed on
  3. many genes present in 2 or more alleles
  4. different alleles cause differences in development (making individuals more or less suited to environemnt)
  5. any allele that enhances survival can copy itself more and replace alternative forms
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4
Q

in genetic terms, natural selection is

A

differential survival of alternative alleles

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5
Q

fruit fly

A

drosophilia

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6
Q

use of drosophila for reserarching

A

gene-behvaiour relationship

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7
Q

fruit fly studies found

A

most adult drosophilia have activity cycle that repeats every 24hr

however

some move around at random intervals

some have shorter (19h) cycle
some have longer (29hr) cycle

differences arise from different in a single gene (period gene)

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8
Q

warblers migratory behaviour

A

most spend summer in europe
and winter in africa

if prevent migration
they show restlessness at the corresponding time

75% of warblers show migratory restlessness ie put in a cage and jump from perch to perch

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9
Q

unit of selection?

A

darwin- evolution= the struggle between individuals to out-compete others in population

–> individual selection
contrasted with group selection

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10
Q

group selection

A

animals can behave for the good of the group

e.g. lions rarely fight to death as would endanger survival of species

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11
Q

ethologist

A

studies animal behaviour

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12
Q

wynne-edwards- on group selection

A
  1. threat displays vs dangerous fighting e.g. red deer confront each other at distance and roar
  2. population control
    birds lay more eggs than can incubate - fecundity adjusted so species does not overexploit available resources
  3. dominance hierarchies
    dominant and submissive individuals =common feature of social organisation of animals

submission has negative consequences for reproduction- elephant seals fight to establish the pecking order
the success of copulation of higher ranking individuals is higher than submissive individuals (population control)

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13
Q

problems with group selection (this theory isn’t liked anymore)

A

many traits evolve that are not to the groups advantage

infanticide by male lions

when new males take over pride, sometimes kids cubs

cheats will always prosper

groups do not go extinct fast enough

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14
Q

anisogamous

A

sexual reproduction (unequal resources needed to produce each type of gamete) due to differential size of gametes in males and females

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15
Q

where male parental effort is lower (little effort in rearing offspring after conception)

A

males maximise reproductive success by ruthless promiscuity

invest mainly in mating effort

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16
Q

sexual conflict

A

differential investment in reproduction results in different stratigies used to maximise reproductive success

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17
Q

male ardour=problematic

A

meaning they copulate with subjects that resemble females i.e. same size/ shape /colour

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18
Q

females reproduction

A

choosey and coy (to offset high cost of reproduction)

to make sure they offspring they do have are the best they can be i.e. best change of surviving

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19
Q

the degree to which the imbalance in male/female reproductive strategies depends on

A

inequality of parental effort

and degree of inequality depends on mating systems

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20
Q

types of mating systems

A

1) monogamy
2) polygyny
3) polyandry
4) polygamy

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21
Q

monogamy

A

1 sexual partner

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22
Q

polygyny

A

males mates with a set of females

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23
Q

polyandry

A

females mate with a set of males

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24
Q

polygamy

A

multiple mating partners

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25
if parental effort is equal
monogamous species --> more equal mating effort
26
if parental effort is unequal
polygamous species--> less equal mating effort
27
most common mating system
polygynous (males mate with a set of females)
28
pairie voles
monogamous
29
a number of bird species are
polyangrous (females mate with a set of males)
30
sexual selection presssure types
intra sexual selection inter sexual selection
31
sexual selection
selection of traits which are solely concerning with increasing mating success wrote about in darwin's 'the descent of man and selection in relation to sex'
32
intra sexual selection
within sex where males compete for access to females - leads to morphological characteristics that make them better at fighting (often physical competition) e.g. tusks, antlers, large teeth - leads to sexual dimorphism: the two sexes have different morphology e. g. red deer stags - male compete for females in autumn rut; strongest stags command largest harems --> sexual dimorphism - damsel fly males developed ability to remove sperm from female sperm storage organ that belongs to the pervious male that mated with her (horn shaped with hairs 'sperm competition'
33
inter sexual selection
between sexes where reluctant females will prefer males who can demonstrate evidence of having materials resources for raising young and perceived 'better' genes e. g. hanging flies, hang to eat and to copulate - females only mate with the male if he provides an insect gift and the copulation duration is directly proportional to the size of the gift female choice dependent on resources presented by male- evidence of genetic benefits : 'elaborate adornments' are eye catching and attractive -e.g. feathers on male peacocks females tend to 'prefer' such adornments e.g. Widow bird (Kenya) Andersson (1982) females prefer males with extremely long tails by measuring success measured as number of active nests in territory
34
long tail preference in widow birds kenya 2 hypotheses for why
counter- intuitive - long tails bad for flight H1) Fisher (1930) originally there may have been a male with a long tail AND an advantage of flying --> females then preferred these males--> positive feedback loop 'a runaway process' the cycle becomes perverted and no longer is an advantage H2) Zahavi (1975) Handicap hypothesis elaborate adornment = a handicap for day to day survival but the presence of the very tail and yet you still survive suggests you are pretty good sometimes this theory is slightly recast: when animals displays elaborate adornment they show they have reached sexual maturity and therefore lived long enough to show health and strength (H2 is preffered)
35
Krebs and Davies
males with longer tail feathers have lower parasite loads; parasite resistance= inherited
36
asymmetry between parental investment (effort in rearing individual offspring) and parental effort (effort put into rearing all offspring produced during lifetime) leads to
sexual conflict
37
andersson 1982
studied 36 males widow birds 4 groups ``` shortened tail (cut) elongated tail (superglue) ``` control 1: untouched control 2: cut and repaired mating success measure as no of active nests in territory long tailed Ms did did better than control or short tailed Ms
38
inter-sexual selection also leads to courtship displays and rituals
may arise from similar processes to which underlie adornments
39
behavioural ecology
stresses way that behavioural contribution to Darwinian fitness depends on ecology (food enemies; nesting requirements etc)
40
socio-biology term coined by
Wilson (1975) | stresses merger of behaviour (socio) and genetics (biology)
41
central problem of behavoural ecology/sociobiology
explanation of altruism
42
altruism
behaviour that increases survival and reproduction of other individuals at a cost of one's own survival and reproduction
43
Altruism of Belding's ground squirrel
produces alarm when it detects a predator it benefits others while being costly to itself
44
hypotheses for altruism
1. kin selection 2. mutualism 3 manipulation 4. reciprocal altruism (Trivers, 1971)
45
kin selection
(Maynard Smith, 1964) relatives can copies of individuals genes gene proliferation can occur through relatives when they reproduce acts may be phenotypically altruistic but genotypical selfish
46
coefficient of relatedness (r)
probability that relatives will share a particular gene diploid species (i.e. with paris of chromosomes; one from each parent) eggs and sperm fuse - each parent contributes 50% of genes
47
probability of any one gene being shared by parent and offspring
r= 0.5
48
r for identical twins
1.0
49
r for siblings
0.5
50
r for grandparents and grandchildren
0.25
51
r for grandparesnts and great grandchildren
0.125
52
Darwinian's 'fitness'
measure of genes contributed to next generation 1. direct: component from personal reproduction 2. indirect: component from reproduction of kin individuals total fitness = inclusive fitness (Hamilton, 1964)
53
Hamilton's rule
Benefits>costs (in genetic units) in explaining how altruism arises frequency of an altruistic gene will increase (in population) if fitness benefit to altruist is greater than fitness cost
54
costs (hamilton)
costs depend on impact of altruistic act on direct fitness (personal reproduction) number of offspring (foregone) in next generation x r (your offspring=0.5) This is the value of costs in genetic units
55
benefits (hamilton)
benefits depend on impact of altruistic act on indirect fitness (reproduction of kin) number of kin's offspring in next generation (as result of altruism) x r (value of r here depends on genetic relatedness to this kin) this is the value of benefits in genetic units
56
B>C
(Nk x r) > (Ns x 0.5) Nk= number of kin's offspring resulting Ns- number of own offspring forgone
57
hoogland 1983 prairie dogs example of influence of indirect fitness on behaviour
studied alarm calls elicited by a stuffed badger (natural predator) alarm call were more frequent when kin were present offspring and non descendent kin were just as effective
58
helping in white fronted bee eaters (kenya) example of influence of indirect fitness on behaviour
potential helpers- likelihood of helping closely linked to degree of relatedness of recipient
59
mutualism
cooperational results in net gain of survival/reproductive benefit
60
territorial behaviour of pied wagtails- mutualism
feed on insects washed up on the banks of the thames sometimes shares its territory with a satellite bird... may reduce amount of food consumed by wagtail (COST) but also reduces defence time (BENEFIT) satellite bird= tolerated if B>C
61
Manipulation - donors may be tricked into behaving altruistically
cuckoo 'brood parasites' lay eggs in nest of other species parasitises host nest during laying period (one egg per nest) takes egg from host nest and replaces it with one of own; young eject rest so young are raised for free!
62
reciprocal altrusism (tivers 1971)
doesn't require participants to be related however if unrelated.... problem of cheating (because of temporal delay) to avoid cheating rise to very good inter-individual recognition chimps eating flies off fur of others
63
vampire bats in costa rica- Wilkinson 1984
example of reciprocity regurgitation of blood by vampire bats in costa rica some bats fail to obtain blood meal during the night so they bed blood from others in daytime roosts; often successful but regurgitation only occurred between frequent roostmates (or relatives) preferential regurgitation for roostmates continued in lab suggests they could recognise each other
64
prairie dogs live in social groups called
coteries
65
'brood parasites'
rely on others to raise their young

neuroscience psy 108 (3 decks)

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