Evolution and Classification (Wk1)

Question 1

What are the Parts of a Phylogeny Tree ?

Answer 1

Tips -> A Single terminal brunch involving an individual

Internode -> Indicates a inferred common ancestor

Root -> Common ancestor of all tips in phylogeny

Question 2

What are the 6 kingdoms

Answer 2

Protista, Fungi, Archaea, Bacteria, Plantae, Animalia

Question 3

What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote ?

Answer 3

A prokaryote is an organism that lacks a membrane

A eukaryote are organism that have membrane bound nucleus

Question 4

Which Phyla are Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic

Answer 4

Eukaryotic: Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Protista

Prokaryotic: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 5

Which Phyla are categorised under Unicellular and Multicellular ?

Answer 5

Unicellular: Protista, Archaea, Bacteria

Multicellular: Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 6

Which Phyla has complex internal organs ?

Answer 6

Animalia, Plantae

Question 7

What is the definition of autotrophic and heterotrophic? and what are the Phyla categorized under Autotrophic and Heterotrophic?

Answer 7

Autotrophic is where an organism able to making their own food and the kingdom thats autotroph would be plantae

Heterotrophic is where an organism is not able of making their own food and must obtain food from other organisms. Examples are Kingdom Animalia and Fungi.

Question 8

What are 2 (in no specific order) are some major transitions in evolutionary history?

Answer 8

The first Eukaryotic cells and the first multicellular organism.

Question 9

What are the Key events in Evolutionary History ?

Answer 9

1) Origin of self replicating molecules capable of heredity
2) Transition of RNA to DNA and Proteins
3) The first cells
4) The first eukaryotic cells
5) The first Sexual Reproduction
6) The first Multicellular organism
7) Complexity in Multicellular Organism
8) Individuality and gametes
9) Sociality (living in groups)
10) Eusociality (Complex societies)

Question 10

What is endosymbiosis ?

Answer 10

Endosymbiosis is where an independent bacteria species resides in a cell. The smaller cell would help to produce food and energy and the larger cell will provide protection. which eventually became an obligate relationship.

the mitochondria of the cell begin to merge with a chloroplast.

Question 11

What are the ancestors to plants ?

Answer 11

Ancient protozoan with mitochondria and chloroplasts.

presence of ancient cyanobacteria

Question 12

What are the ancestors to fungi and animals ?

Answer 12

The cells contained ancient protozoan with mitochondria.

Question 13

How do Multicellular Organisms arise ?

Answer 13

1. Staying together (colonial cells don’t separate after replication, this can be due to a mutation)
2. Coming together (Free living cells come together)

Question 14

What are the 9 Phylas in Animalia ?

Answer 14

Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, Cnidarians, Annelida, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Arthropoda, Mollusca

Question 15

What are the key traits to look out for when differentiating phyla ?

Answer 15

1) cleavage pattern
2) symmetry
3) tissue layer
4) body cavities
5) segmentation

Question 16

What are the type of tissue layers ?

Answer 16

Monoblastic, diploblastic, Triploblastic

Question 17

What are the types of Cleavage patterns ?

and what are their meanings ?

Answer 17

Protostomes. Are organisms that develop the mouth as their first embryonic opening.
Example would be Mollusc and Annelids.

Deuterostomes. Are organisms that develop the anus as their first embryonic opening.
Example would be Chordata and Echinodermata.

Question 18

What are the types of body cavities ?

Answer 18

1) Coelomate (cavity within the mesoderm)
2) Pseudocoelomate (cavity between the endoderm and the mesoderm)
3) Acoelomate (no cavity)

Question 19

What is Diffusion ?

Answer 19

Diffusion is the movement of a solute from high concentration to low concentration until chemical equilibrium is reached

Question 20

What is a way an organism can increase the surface area for diffusion ?

Answer 20

The organism can create folds in their body to increase the surface area.

Question 21

Which Phyla do not have a coelom ?

Answer 21

Porifera, Platyhelminthes, cnidarians

Question 22

What are the few ways an organism can increase the rate of diffusion ?

Answer 22

1) Creating folds
2) Flattening body
3) Coelom (body cavity, increases proximity to fluid reservoir)

Question 22

What is the function of a Coelom ?

Answer 22

A coelom can act as a hydrostatic skeleton, it acts as a buffer for internal organs, acts as a storage for nutrients and wastes and can aid in decreasing the distance for diffusion.

Question 23

What is the purpose for transport systems ?

Answer 23

Transport systems aid in the movement of fluids in the body to reduce the distance for diffusion.

There are 4 transport systems, 1) Digestive, 2) Respiratory, 3) Circulatory, 4) Excretory

Question 24

What kind of gut does a porifera have ?

Answer 24

Porifera's have no Gut, but they create water currents to maximise feeding.

Question 25

Which Phylas have a straight through gut ?

Answer 25

Mollusca, Annelids, Chordata, Arthropods, Nematoda,

Question 25

What kind of guts do the Platyhelminthes and Cnidarians have ?

Answer 25

They have a blind ended gut. Which only has one opening.

Question 26

What kind of guts do Echinoderms have?

Answer 26

Their guts differ depending on their diet, they have a simple system, however their stomachs are able to be evert out for external digestion.

Question 27

What are the special features of a Platyhelminthes excretory system ?

Answer 27

They possess specialised cells known as flame cells, which are excretory cells that function similarly to kidneys, by removing waste materials through filtration.

Question 28

What is the excretory system of the nematode phyla.

Answer 28

They have a simple channel.

Question 29

How do echinoderms excrete waste?

Answer 29

They excrete waste through their tube feet and coelom

Question 30

What is the excretory features of a Chordate?

Answer 30

Most chordates have kidneys,

Question 31

What is the special feature of the excretory system for Annelids and Mollusca phyla ?

Answer 31

They have nephridiopores leading from the coelom to the exterior. Pores that connect from the kidneys to the external skin to excrete metabolic waste and fluid.

Question 32

What are the Phyla that exchange gas through diffusion?

Answer 32

Porifera, Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes, Echinodermata, Annelids, Nematodes

Question 33

What are the Phyla that breathe through gills/ Lungs ?

Answer 33

Some Annelids, Mollusc, Chordates, Arthropods.

Question 34

What kind of Circulatory systems do porifera and cnidarians have?

Answer 34

They have no specific Circulatory systems

Question 35

What is the type of Circulatory system Nematodes and echinoderms have ?

Answer 35

They use coelomates/ body cavities

Question 35

Mollusc and arthropods have what kind of Circulatory system?

Answer 35

they have a open blood system and a simple heart.

Question 36

what other type of Circulatory systems do Echinoderms have ?

Answer 36

They have a fine hydrostatic skeleton that works for circulating fluid.

Question 37

What kind of circulatory system do annelids have ?

Answer 37

Annelids have a close blood system, with pumps.

Question 38

What is the circulatory system of a chordate ?

Answer 38

most chordates have a closed system and usually a muscular heart. however some organisms differ such as the tunicate.