Evolution And Ecology

Question 1

HONORS LIVING EARTH : POPULATION GENETICS AND THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW

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The Hardy-Weinberg formulas allow scientists to determine whether evolution has occurred. Any

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changes in the gene frequencies in the population over time can be detected. The law essentially

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states that if no evolution is occurring

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then an equilibrium of allele frequencies will remain in

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effect in each succeeding generation of sexually reproducing individuals. In order for equilibrium

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to remain in effect (i.e. that no evolution is occurring) then the following five conditions must be

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met:

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No mutations must occur so that new alleles do not enter the population.

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No gene flow can occur (i.e. no migration of individuals into

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or out of

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Random mating must occur (i.e. individuals must pair by chance)

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The population must be large so that no genetic drift (random chance) can cause the allele

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frequencies to change.

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No selection can occur so that certain alleles are not selected for

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or against.

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Obviously

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the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot exist in real life. Some or all of these types of

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forces all act on living populations at various times and evolution at some level occurs in all living

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organisms. The Hardy-Weinberg formulas allow us to detect some allele frequencies that change

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from generation to generation

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thus allowing a simplified method of determining that evolution is

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occurring. There are two formulas that must be memorized:

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genotype

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rallele

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p2 + 2pq + q? = 1

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and

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p + q =1

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p = frequency of the dominant allele in the population

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q = frequency of the recessive allele in the population

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p? = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals

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q? = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals

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2pq = percentage of heterozygous individuals

Question 29

Complete the following problems on the chart provided. Remember to show all work/calculations.

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Ask for help if you need it!

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PROBLEM #1.

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You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous

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recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%

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please calculate the frequencies in your table.

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PROBLEM #2.

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el-ble-cell anemia is an interesting genetic disease. Normal homozygous individuals (SS) have

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neilv infected with the malarial parasite. Thus

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many of these

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parasale homozygous for the