Evolution and Natural Selection

Question 1

prokaryotes

Answer 1

a single-celled organism without a nucleus

Question 2

plasmids

Answer 2

small loops of DNA that are separate from bacterial DNA that contain R-factors

Question 3

R-factors

Answer 3

resistance genes that allow for antibiotic resistance

Question 4

flagella

Answer 4

a tiny tail-like structure that provides movement

Question 5

pilli

Answer 5

allow for attachment to surfaces

Question 6

binary fission

Answer 6

how bacteria reproduce, duplicate, and split into two, asexual

Question 7

mutation (gaining antibiotics)

Answer 7

plasmids have mutations that lead to resistance and are then passed on through reproduction

Question 8

conjunction

Answer 8

sharing of plasmid with an R-factor between bacteria, they connect with a pilus

Question 9

transformation

Answer 9

bacteria acquiring “naked” DNA from the environment

Question 10

transduction

Answer 10

bacteria acquiring DNA from a virus

Question 11

vertical gene transfer

Answer 11

generation to generation (mutation)

Question 12

lateral gene transfer

Answer 12

within the same generation (conjunction, transduction, transformation)

Question 13

James Hutton

Answer 13

“Father of Modern Geology”, the earth is continually changing by gradualism, the earth is much older than what the church said

Question 14

Georges Cuvier

Answer 14

developed paleontology, comparative anatomy, he believed in catastrophism, he was opposed to evolution

Question 15

catastrophism

Answer 15

violent catastrophes led to most animals dying and forming fossils

Question 16

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 16

“Father of taxonomy”, came up with the system to name and classify organisms, grouped by physical similarities, opposed to evolution

Question 17

Charles Lyell

Answer 17

Geology, processes are gradual, uniformitarianism, earth is older than what the church says

Question 18

Lamarck

Answer 18

Organisms are driven towards perfection, use and disuse, acquired characteristics, the first proposal for evolution

Question 19

use and disuse

Answer 19

body structures that are used more frequently become larger and those not used become smaller

Question 20

acquired characteristics

Answer 20

traits acquired during a lifetime would be passed on to the next generation

Question 21

was Lamarck’s theory proven wrong?

Answer 21

yes, both use and disuse, and acquired characteristics are false

Question 22

why was Lamarck’s theory important

Answer 22

It was the first proposal for a mechanism of evolution

Question 23

4 steps of natural selection

Answer 23

genetic variation in a population, environmental change leaving more organisms than can survive, survival of the fittest, favorable trait survives, reproduction, the trait is passed on spreading it through the species

Question 24

how is natural selection different from Lamarck’s theory

Answer 24

they adapt because of the environment, not because they use a certain structure more than another

Question 25

gradualism

Answer 25

Evolution is a slow continuous process overtime

Question 26

descent with modification

Answer 26

all species have descended from one common ancestor

Question 27

what did Darwin not understand when developing his theory

Answer 27

genetics

Question 28

voyage on the beagle

Answer 28

the goal of the trio was to map the coastline of South America, he went to the mainland and explored species

Question 29

Lyell's Principles of Geology

Answer 29

expanded on James Hutton's view on the Earth being older than what the church said

Question 30

uniformitarianism

Answer 30

the same geological processes that are forming the earth today are the same as in the past

Question 31

What did Darwin's collection of finches show

Answer 31

Originally it was thought that the birds were different species, but then it was hypothesized that they diverged to fit their island and descended from one common ancestor

Question 32

Thomas Malthus essay

Answer 32

says that the human population will grow faster than the resources available which will lead to war, famine, and disease. Lead Darwin to conclude that a struggle occurs for all populations

Question 33

Role of mutation in natural selection

Answer 33

it creates the genetic variation that allows the organisms to adapt

Question 34

Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 34

short rapid periods of evolution followed by long periods of no change

Question 35

Biogeography

Answer 35

the study of where organisms live now and in the past, shows similarities despite differences in where they live

Question 36

How are fossils formed

Answer 36

organisms become buried in sediment, calcium in bone mineralizes (hardens), surrounding sediment hardens to form rock

Question 37

why are the fossil records incomplete

Answer 37

most organisms decomposed or were eaten

Question 38

Steno's Law of Superposition

Answer 38

the lowest stratum in the rock is the oldest and the top layers are the most recent

Question 39

Transitional fossils

Answer 39

forms a series that traces the evolution of modern species from an ancestor (intermediate forms of the species)

Question 40

homologous structures

Answer 40

structures that are different in function and appearance but have similar structures

Question 41

how can homologous structures show common ancestry

Answer 41

shows organisms have a recent common ancestor and evolved different functions due to different environmental pressures

Question 42

Analogous structures

Answer 42

structures that have a similar appearance and function, but different structures

Question 43

vestigial organs/parts

Answer 43

a structure that no longer has a purpose, but were thought to have one at one point

Question 44

how can vestigial parts show common ancestry

Answer 44

they can connect species to one another because there could be remnants of a body part that they could of had at one point, that another organism has or also had

Question 45

what do similar sequences of amino acids and DNA for the same gene show

Answer 45

Shows common ancestry

Question 46

Homologous proteins

Answer 46

they share extensive structural and chemical similarities

Question 47

antifreeze gene in icefish

Answer 47

a gene was duplicated creating a new protein that prevents crystallization of the blood

Question 48

disappearance of hemoglobin in icefish

Answer 48

a mutation within the DNA sequence occurred, knocking out the ability for the hemoglobin to do its job