Evolution and Reproduction

Question 1

Ovaries function

Answer 1

to produce eggs for fertilisation + produce hormones

Question 2

epididymis function

Answer 2

coiled tube in which sperm mature

Question 3

fallopian tubes function

Answer 3

to transport sperm toward the egg

Question 4

seminiferous tubules function

Answer 4

produces, maintains and stores sperm

Question 5

uterus function

Answer 5

Accepts a fertilised egg till the baby is mature enough for birth, it is where the foetus develops during pregnancy.

Question 6

Male reproductive system

Answer 6

Male sperm are produced in the testes which are found in the scrotum. When the male is about to ejaculate sperm the penis becomes erect and the sperm is forced to travel to the uretha through the ejaculatory duct. It is mixed with fluid from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland this mixture is called semen.

Question 7

Where are male sperm produced

Answer 7

in the testes which are found in the scrotum

Question 8

what happens when the male is about to ejaculate sperm

Answer 8

the penis becomes erect and the sperm is forced to travel to the uretha through the ejaculator duct

Question 9

what is semen

Answer 9

the sperm is mixed with fluid from the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland to form the mixture of sperm

Question 10

Female reproductive system

Answer 10

The female reproductive organs are called the ovaries. AT birth these contain round 1-2 million ova. After puberty, one egg ripens each month and is released- this process is called ovulation. About 500 eggs are released during a woman’s lifetime before menopause is reached, usually around the age of 50.

When an egg is released from the ovary, it travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus, the walls of which thicken after ovulation. These walls are richly supplied with blood to provide nutrients for the off if it fertilised. If no pregnancy results the uterus lining breaks down and passes out of the body as menstrual flow. The 28 day cycle of ovulation and menstruation is controlled by chemicals int he bloodstream called hormones.

The cervix is a ring of muscle at one end of the uterus where it joins with the vagina. It is here that male sperm are deposited and it is down this tube that a baby travels at birth.

Question 11

what are the female reproductive organs called

Answer 11

the ovaries

Question 12

at birth how many eggs does the ovary contain

Answer 12

1-2 million

Question 13

explain ovulation

Answer 13

After puberty, one egg ripens each month and is released

Question 14

how many eggs are released during a woman lifetime

Answer 14

around 500 eggs

Question 15

menopause occurs..

Answer 15

around the age of 50

Question 16

what happens when an egg is released from the ovary

Answer 16

When an egg is released from the ovary, it travels down the fallopian tube to the uterus, the walls of which thicken after ovulation. These walls are richly supplied with blood to provide nutrients for the off if it fertilised.

Question 17

what happens if no pregnancy occurs

Answer 17

If no pregnancy results the uterus lining breaks down and passes out of the body as menstrual flow. The 28 day cycle of ovulation and menstruation is controlled by chemicals int he bloodstream called hormones.

Question 18

what controls the 28 day cycle of ovulation and menstruation

Answer 18

chemicals in the bloodstream called hormones.

Question 19

what is the cervix

Answer 19

The cervix is a ring of muscle at one end of the uterus where it joins with the vagina

Question 20

where is male sperm deposited

Answer 20

at the vagina and it travels down the fallopian tubes to the cervix

Question 21

Fertilisation

Answer 21

in sexual intercourse the erect penis is inserted in the females vagina and semen is ejaculated. This contains around several hundred million sperm. The sperm swim up through the cervix and uterus to the oviducts. If a sperm and egg meet here, fertilisation occurs- the fertilised egg is called a zygote. This starts producing new cells by dividing as it travels down and embeds itself in the uterus. At this stage it is known as an embryo: after around 8 weeks when the organs have formed it is called a foetus. It gets its food and oxygen, and gets rid of waste products through an organ called the placenta: the placenta brings the blood of the foetus and the mother into close contact although they never mix.

Question 22

placenta function

Answer 22

Provided the foetus with its food and oxygen, and gets rid of waste products. The placenta brings the blood of the foetus and the mother into close contact although they never mix.

Question 23

Sexual intercourse occurs when

Answer 23

the erect penis is inserted in the females vagina and semen is ejaculated

Question 24

how much sperm is ejaculated

Answer 24

several hundred million sperm

Question 25

Where do the sperm swim

Answer 25

through the the cervix and uterus to the oviducts

Question 26

where does fertilisation occur

Answer 26

if a sperm and egg meet at the oviducts

Question 27

what is a fertilised egg called

Answer 27

a zygote

Question 28

at what stage is an egg considered an embryo

Answer 28

This starts producing new cells by dividing as it travels down and embeds itself in the uterus.

Question 29

when is the embryo considered a foetus

Answer 29

after around 8 weeks when the organs have formed

Question 30

Birth

Answer 30

The time from conception to birth is approximately 40 weeks- this is called the gestational period. babies born before 37 weeks are said to be premature. First the cervix widens. Then hormones cause the uterus to contract and push the baby out, normal head first. The umbilical cord connecting the baby to the placenta is cut, and the placenta is there expelled as afterbirth.

Question 31

what is the gestational period and how long does it last

Answer 31

The time from conception to birth and is approximately 40 weeks

Question 32

when is a baby considered premature

Answer 32

when a baby is born before 37 weeks

Question 33

what connects the placenta to the baby

Answer 33

umbilical cord

Question 34

what is afterbirth

Answer 34

when the placenta is expelled

Question 35

IVF stands for

Answer 35

in- vitro fertilisation

Question 36

what is ivf

Answer 36

the process of fertilising an egg with sperm outside the human body

Question 37

how does ivf work

Answer 37

1) an egg is isolated from the mother 2) sperm are analysed to determine the most likely to be successful 3) optional- gender is chosen 4) The eggs + sperm meet and the developing eggs are grown; more then one egg is often required 5) The embryo is implanted back into the mother or a surrogate (rented womb)

Question 38

how developments in technology have advanced biological understanding,

Answer 38

Ivf is a major treatment of infertility and highly utilised treatment option of assisted reproductive technology. The advances in technology over the past decade for ivf have made this route of achieving pregnancy very popular amongst patients. The development of ivf allows women to be provided with the possibility of a pregnancy when they previously might have faced difficulties.

Question 39

advantages of ivf

Answer 39

Ivf provides people who previously may have had difficulty falling pregnant to try pregnancy in a new way. For single people and for gay people it also is a way to allow them to fall pregnant

Question 40

disadvantages of ivf

Answer 40

not morally right in some cultures some do not have access to the technology expenses is not always successful

Question 41

Scientific evidence that present day organisms have evolved from organisms in the past

Answer 41

anatomy embryology molecular biology fossil record

Question 42

anatomy

Answer 42

species may share similar physical features because the feature was pressed in a common ancestor (homologous structures)

Question 43

Homologous

Answer 43

homologous structures show individual variation on a common anatomical theme. These are seen in organisms that are closely related

Question 44

analogous

Answer 44

analogous structures have very different anatomies but similar functions. These are seen in organisms that are not closely related, but live in similar environments and have similar adaptions

Question 45

vestigial structures

Answer 45

vestigial structures are anatomical remnants that were very important in the organisms ancestors but are no longer use din the same way

Question 46

embryology

Answer 46

organisms that are closely related may also have physical similarities before they are even born, we can see this through embryos

Question 47

homologous embryonic structures

Answer 47

reflect that the development programs of vertebrates are variations on a similar plan that existed in their last common ancestors

Question 48

molecular biology | at the most basic level all living organisms share:

Answer 48

DNA genetic codes- the same or highly similar the same basic process of gene expression the same molecular building blocks, such as amino acids

Question 49

molecular biology features suggest...

Answer 49

that all living things are descended from a common ancestor, and that this ancestor had DNA as its genetic material, used the genetic code, and expressed its genes by transcription and translation

Question 50

what is natural selection

Answer 50

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring

Question 51

how do we determine the age of fossils

Answer 51

through its position and placement in the rock, a fossil found deeper/further down in the rock will be older than one found close to the surface this is called stratigraphy

Question 52

why are pesticides becoming more popular

Answer 52

because plants and insects are becoming resistant to the pesticides, this causes it to spread and will become a huge problem in the future, as we will no longer be able to use certain plants as they will become harmful and dangerous

Question 53

how can scientists date fossils

Answer 53

due to their positioning in the rock layers

Question 54

fossils document...

Answer 54

the existence of previous species showing that different organisms have lived on earth during different periods of the planets history

Question 55

features of natural selection

Answer 55

- organisms with heritable features that help them survive and reproduce in a particular environment tend to leave more offspring than their peers - if this continues over generations the heritable features will become more common in the population - the population will not only evolve, but will become adapted and better suited to its environment

Question 56

environmental facors role in the survival or organisms in a population

Answer 56

environmental factors effecting population growth include nutrient, water and space availability as well as predation and disease

Question 57

variations within populations mean...

Answer 57

some members are equipped with features that allow them to be better adapted which therefore increase their survival rates and through reproduction pass these advantages through genes

Question 58

What can gene mutations do

Answer 58

they can cause gene variation, the variations often alter gene activity or protein function which can introduce different traits in an organism. If this trait is advantageous and helps the individual survive and reproduce, the genetic variation is more likely to be passed to the next generation. THIS is natural selection.