Evolution (CHP 22,23,24)

Question 1

Contributions of Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 1

Founder of Taxonomy (part of biology that deals w/naming & classifying organisms) also developed “hierarchy of taxonomic ranks”

Question 2

Taxonomic ranks in order from most incluSIVE TO LEAST

Answer 2

domain,kingdom,phylum,class,order,family, Genus,species

Question 3

Components of Lamarks theory of Evolution

Answer 3

1. body parts that were used get stronger; parts that were not got weaker
2. characteristics that an organism acquires during its lifetime can be passed to its offspring

Question 4

Components of Darwins theory of natural selection

Answer 4

1. More offspring are produced than can survive
2. Production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence.
3. Heritable variation exists in a species
4. Individuals w/traits favored by the environment are likely to leave more offspring

Question 5

Origin of species was published in year

Answer 5

1859

Question 6

Miscopy mutation

Answer 6

Mistake in the pairing of nitrogen bases during DNA replication.

Question 7

Frameshift mutation

Answer 7

Caused by a deletion or insertion in DNA sequence that shifts the way sequence is read

Question 8

Modern synthesis

Answer 8

Theory that recognizes the population as the basic unit of evolution

Question 9

Population

Answer 9

All members of a particular species in a particular area

Question 10

Species

Answer 10

A group of similar organisms which interbreed ; they exchange genes

Question 11

Gene pool

Answer 11

The total aggregate of genes and their alleles In a population at any one time

Question 12

Allele frequency

Answer 12

Percentage of loci occupied by an allele In a population

Question 13

Fixed allele

Answer 13

All members are homozygous for that allele

Question 14

The Hardy-Weinberg theorem

Answer 14

Frequencies of alleles and genotypes in the gene pool of a pop remain constant over the generations.

Question 15

Genetic equilibrium will be maintained only if these conditions are met

Tip: the hardy-Weinberg theorem

Answer 15

1. The pop is large
2. No migration or immigration
3. No mutation
4. Mating is random
5. No natural selection

Question 16

Define Microevolution

Answer 16

Change in allele frequencies In a population; Microevolution changes the gene pool

Question 17

5 causes of Microevolution

Answer 17

1. Genetic drift: change in gene pool due to chance
2. Gene flow: change in gene pool due to migration
3. Mutation: change in genetic code that produces new alleles
4. Non-random mating: inbreeding and assertive mating can change allele frequencies
5. Natural selection: differential reproductive success can change allele freq producing adaptation

Question 18

Bottleneck effect

Answer 18

When a large pop is reduced to a small pop genetic structure of pop ,at be altered and genetic variability reduced

Question 19

Founder effect

Answer 19

When an area is colonized by 1 or a few individuals the genetic drift that results in the small pop

Question 20

What is Gene flow

Answer 20

The migration of organisms or gametes between pop that results in genetic exchange between pop

Question 21

Inbreeding

Answer 21

genetically related individuals mate, lose 1/2 of heterozygotes in each generation which exposes deleterious recessives

Question 22

Assortive mating

Answer 22

similar phenotypes mate preferentially like with like

Question 23

Balanced polymorphism

Answer 23

two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population of organisms because individuals carrying both versions are better able to survive than those who have two copies of either version alone

Question 24

Cline

Answer 24

Graded change in a trait along a geographical axis

Question 25

Frequency dependent selection

Answer 25

Survival and reproduction of any one morph declines if that phenotypic form becomes to common in the population.

Question 26

Heterozygote advantage

Answer 26

greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in a gene pool

Question 27

Neutral variation

Answer 27

No selective advantage for some individuals over others

Question 28

Define Macroevolution evolution & list & describe forces

Answer 28

Macroevolution- is the origin of taxonomic groups higher than the species level.

Question 29

Define Primitive

Answer 29

Close to ancestral type

Question 30

Define advanced

Answer 30

away from ancestral type ex: snake

Question 31

Define generalized

Answer 31

Adapts to many ways of living

Question 32

Define specialized

Answer 32

Adapts to 1 way of living only

Question 33

Define Anagenesis

Answer 33

Change in a single population

Question 34

Define Cladogenesis

Answer 34

Branching speciation

Question 35

Define Biological species

Answer 35

Are genetically and reproductively isolated from other species

Question 36

Define Prezygotic reproductive barriers and describe types

Answer 36

They impede mating or fertilization - Habitat isolation: 2 species occupy different habitats in the same range - Behavioral isolation: different species may have different courtship behavior - Temporal isolation: different species may breed at different times. - Mechanical isolation: 2 species are anatomically incompatible. - Gametic isolation: if mating occurs the sperm & egg are not compatible.

Question 37

Define Postzygotic reproductive barriers & describe types

Answer 37

prevent the hybrid zygote from becoming a viable fertile adult. -Hybrid inviability: the hybrids do not survive -Hybrid sterility: the hybrid survives but can not reproduce. Hybrid breakdown-the 1st generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but their offspring are NOT!