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Evolution Exam Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Most chile varieties grown in New Mexico are descended from the same plant species. These varieties were produced by:

A

Artificial Selection

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2
Q

Evolution is detected in

A

Populations

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3
Q

Which is not homologous?

A

wing of a fly

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4
Q

Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures?

A

the arm of a human and the flipper of a dolphin

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5
Q

In a population that is in equilibrium, the frequency of one allele is 0.4, what is the frequency of the other allele?

A

0.6

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6
Q

The frequency of one allele is 0.4, what is the frequency of individuals homozygous for this allele?

A

0.16
Hardy-Weinberg Principal= frequency of homozygous individuals for an allele (p^2) is found by squaring the allele frequency
0.4^2=0.16

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7
Q

Frequency of the recessive allele is often referred to as

A

q

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8
Q

Which agent of evolution happens when individuals migrate into a new population and breed?

A

Gene flow

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9
Q

Which is an example of balancing selection?

A

Heterozygote Advantage

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10
Q

What type of selection eliminates extreme phenotypes?

A

Stabilizing

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11
Q

What process creates new variation?

A

Mutation

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12
Q

Which describes natural selection?

A

a mechanism of evolution where organisms with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully, leading to the increase of those traits in future generations.

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13
Q

Consider genetic drift- how are breeding individuals chosen?

A

Random selection

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14
Q

Population size going through extreme decline is called ______.

A

Bottleneck

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15
Q

When some individual split off from a large population and start a new one, this is called ______.

A

The founder effect

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16
Q

If individuals choose mates that have similar phenotypes to themselves this is called

A

Positive assortative mating

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17
Q

Cactus has reduced leaves that prevent water loss. Which evolution mechanism creates adaptations?

A

Natural selection

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18
Q

Species described as different by physical traits are using which concept?

A

Morphological

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19
Q

What type of data is still needed to support two species of African Elephant?

A

Biological Species Concept

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20
Q

Male fireflies give species specific flashes to females. This isolation is called

A

Behavioral Isolation

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21
Q

Evolution

A

Change over time

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22
Q

Evolution biologically

Study These Flashcards
A

Change in phenotype, allele or genotype frequencies over time.

23
Q

What is required for evolution to happen?

Study These Flashcards
A

1.Population- rather than an individual/lineage
2. With Variation- phenotype/genotype
3. Inheritance of Variation
4. Differential Reproduction-implies species can survive to reproduce.

24
Q

Artificial Selection

Study These Flashcards
A

Selection in the hands of humans (For example: dogs)

25
Homologous Characters
The same structure owing to inheritance to a common ancestor
26
Agents of Evolutionary Changes
Selection, Mutation, Migration, Inbreeding, and Genetic Drift
27
Analogous Characteristics:
Traits that served a similar function in different organisms but evolved differently. These result from convergent Evolution Ex: wings of birds and insects or body of dolphin and shark
28
How does homology illustrate evolution?
Organisms with common ancestry may show similar structures.
29
Non-Random mating
Positive assortment mating- choosing like individuals Negative assortment mating- choosing different individuals
30
Gene flow
Changes allele and genotype frequency by introducing alleles
31
Genetic drift
Chance alterations of gene frequencies: Random selection of individuals survive to mate and contribute to the next generation
32
Mutation
Alterations in an organisms DNA, heritable and makes new alleles happens very slowly
33
Selection
Responsible for adaptations to the environment.
34
Stabilizing Selection
Mean stays the same, distribution changes (narrower)
35
Directional Selection
Selection for an extreme phenotype (mean changes, distribution same)
36
Disruptive selection
Two extreme phenotypes (mean stays the same, distribution changes (two peaks))
37
Balancing Selection
keeps variation in populations
38
Heterozygote Advantage
Individuals with both alleles are selected for- keeping both alleles in the population. Example: sickle cell polymorphism in populations where malaria is important.
39
Frequency dependent selection
If the frequency of an allele is high, there is selection against that allele
40
Sexual Selection
Females invest more in offspring than males Egg is bigger than sperm
41
Intersexual Selection
Gaudy genotypes and extreme behaviors Females choosing males based off that
42
Intrasexual Selection
Male-male competition
43
Founder effect
Reduced diversity when a population descended from a small number of ancestors
44
Adaptations
Caused by natural selection, makes them more successful in surviving and reproducing, higher frequency in the next gen
45
Cryptic Coloration
Camouflage basically
46
Structural Adaptation
Physical changes in organism for survival ex: ducks webbed feet to swim
47
Negative frequency dependent selection
One allele frequency is high and selection is against it, the frequency goes down and the other allele frequency is high
48
Speciation
Process by which one species splits into two or more species
49
Biological Species Concept
A group of population whose members have the potential offspring to reproduce viable fertile offspring
50
Morphological Species Concept
Species are identified based physical traits like size and shape
51
Ecological Species concept
Identified by ecological niche, focusing on unique adaptations
52
Pre-Zygotic Reproductive Barriers
Geographic-species life in diff places Habitat Isolation-animals in diff habitats rarely meet Temporal Isolation-breeding occurs at diff times of day or season Behavior Isolation-diff courtship rituals or behavior Mechanical Isolation- Non-compatible reproductive organs
53
Gametic Isolation
Sperm not able to fertilize egg of another species
54
Post Zygotic Reproductive Barriers
Reduced Hybrid Fertility- offspring are sterile after mating Viability- mating occurs but no offspring Breakdown- behaviorally ecologically or morphologically messed up

Biology (4 decks)

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