Evolution, Mutation, Reproduction

Question 1

Natural selection

Answer 1

Certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce

Can only increase or decrease traits

Doesn’t create new traits but select present ones

Question 2

Analogous structure

Answer 2

Adapt to environment

Question 3

Convergent evolution

Answer 3

Same features but not related = environment

Question 4

Evidence for evolution

Answer 4

Fossil record

Homology: same features + related= ancestry

Convergent evolution: same features + not related= environment

Biogeography

Question 5

Genetics

Answer 5

Study of hereditary

Question 6

Blending hypothesis

Answer 6

Genes from both parents mixed

Question 7

Particulate hypothesis

Answer 7

Pass on discrete genes

Question 8

Characters

Answer 8

Distinct heritable features

Question 9

Genotype

Answer 9

Genetic makeup

Question 10

Phenotype

Answer 10

Appearance

Question 11

Homozygous

Answer 11

2 identical alleles

Not true breeding

Question 12

Heterozygous

Answer 12

2 different alleles

True breeding

Question 13

Micro evolution

Answer 13

Change in allele frequencies in a population

Question 14

Factors that alter alleles

Answer 14

Genetic drift

Gene flow

Natural selection

Question 15

Genetic drift

Answer 15

Unpredictable

Founder effect: individuals become isolated from large population

Bottleneck effect: sudden reduction in population b/c of environment

Question 16

Gene flow

Answer 16

Directional
Disruptive
Stabilization

Question 17

Sexual selection

Answer 17

Mating success for natural selection

Question 18

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 18

Difference between sexes

Question 19

Intrasexual (males)

Answer 19

Compete for mates

Question 20

Intersexual (females)

Answer 20

Choose mates

Question 21

Prokaryotic

Answer 21

Single cell

Known as bacteria

Question 22

Eukaryotic

Answer 22

Plant and animal cell

Multicellular

Question 23

Endosymbiosis theory

Answer 23

Ancestor ‘eats’ smaller prokaryote

Both benefit from relationship

Question 24

Speciation

Answer 24

Orgin of new species

Question 25

Hybrids

Answer 25

Cross between different species

Question 26

Prezygotic barriers

Answer 26

Block fertilization

Question 27

Divergent evolution

Answer 27

Evolve into two or more species

Question 28

Mechanisms for evolution

Answer 28

Natural selection Mutation Gene flow Genetic drift

Question 29

Dominant

Answer 29

Shows up more

Question 30

Recessive

Answer 30

Shows up less

Question 31

Population

Answer 31

Group that live in a place

Question 32

Gene pool

Answer 32

Collection of all genes in a population

Question 33

Relative fitness

Answer 33

Absolute fitness/average # of offspring in given population

Question 34

Fixed allele

Answer 34

One allele exist for a trait

Question 35

Five conditions of hardy weinberg equilibrium

Answer 35

1. No mutations 2. Random mating 3. No natural selection 4. Large population size 5. No gene flow

Question 36

Cause of hybrid breakdown

Answer 36

Postzygotic barriers

Question 37

Ecological species concept

Answer 37

Ecological environment

Question 38

Phylogenetic species concept

Answer 38

Smallest group on phylogenetic tree

Question 39

Morphological species concept

Answer 39

By structural environment

Question 40

Allopathic speciation

Answer 40

Separate because of gene flow/mutation

Question 41

Hybrid zone

Answer 41

Different species mate production hybrids

Question 42

3 possible outcomes for hybrid zone

Answer 42

1. Gene flow cut 2. Gene flow continue 3. Cont. formation of hybrids

Question 43

Cambrian explosion

Answer 43

Sudden appearance of fossils

Question 44

Mass extinction

Answer 44

Sudden extinction of species

Question 45

Adaptive radiation

Answer 45

Record of fossils and rocks

Question 46

Oxygen revolution

Answer 46

Beginning of oxygen Cause of extinction of prokaryotic groups

Question 47

Sympathetic speciation

Answer 47

Species joint and drive by sexual selection

Question 48

2 observation and 2 inference

Answer 48

1. Produce more than environment can 2. Support=fail to survive and reproduce a. Inherited traits=better chance of surviving b. Unequal ability to survive and reproduce

Question 49

F2 generation

Answer 49

Cross between two F1

Question 50

Species

Answer 50

Breed among themselves but not among different species

Question 51

Relative fitness

Answer 51

Absolute fitness of the fittest genotype

Question 52

Fixed allele

Answer 52

Members of population under homozygous

Question 53

Directional selection

Answer 53

Change frequency of allele in constant direction

Question 54

Stabilizing selection

Answer 54

Ecosystem resist change

Question 55

Intrasexual selection

Answer 55

Selection within the same sex

Question 56

Intersexual selection

Answer 56

Selection between two sexes

Question 57

F1 generation

Answer 57

Cross of first set of parents

Question 58

P generation

Answer 58

Analyze the genotype of offspring

Question 59

Mono hybrid cross

Answer 59

Differ in respect of a single gene

Question 60

Hybridization

Answer 60

Mating different species to create a hybrid

Question 61

True breeding

Answer 61

Produce offspring with the same phenotype only

Question 62

Postzygotic barriers

Answer 62

Hybrid fails to develop

Question 63

Trait

Answer 63

Characteristics expressed by genes

Question 63

Allele

Answer 63

Different forms of the same genes

Question 64

4 stages that led to the origin of life

Answer 64

1. Abiotic 2. Join molecules 3. Pack into protocells 4. Replicate