Evolution Objectives

Question 1

Fossil

Answer 1

The preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism

Question 2

Paleontologists

Answer 2

Scientists who study fossils

Question 3

Extinction

Answer 3

When an entire species has died out

Question 4

Relative Dating

Answer 4

The method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with fossils in other layers of rock

Question 5

Radioactive Dating

Answer 5

Calculating the age of a sample based on the amount of radioactive isotopes it contains

Question 6

Important patterns we see in the fossil record

Answer 6

As the environment changes, so do the species that inhabit the environment

Question 7

Describe what primitive Earth was like

Answer 7

Primitive earth contained gases such as Hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide, and water, however, it was missing oxygen, the ozone layer, and organic molecules. The temperature was 200+ degrees Celsius (Hot + Dry)

Question 8

Identify where energy could have come from on primitive Earth to synthesize life

Answer 8

The heat from the ocean, energy from the electrical storms, UV radiation from the sun

Question 9

Explain what the Miller-Urey experiment proved

Answer 9

The conditions of primitive earth could give rise to organic molecules

Question 10

Protobiont

Answer 10

The first version of a cell

Question 11

Proteinoids

Answer 11

the first polypeptides/chain of amino acids that were formed on the primitive earth

Question 12

Coacervates

Answer 12

Long strands of protein-like molecules that life may have come from

Question 13

Anaerobic or aerobic

Answer 13

Anaerobic

Question 14

Simple or complex

Answer 14

Simple

Question 15

Autotroph or heterotroph

Answer 15

heterotroph

Question 16

Asexual or sexual

Answer 16

Asexual

Question 17

Eukaryotic or prokaryotic

Answer 17

prokaryotic

Question 18

Explain the Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 18

eukaryotic cells were formed when prokaryotic cells that can carry out cell respiration and photosynthesis formed a relationship with the larger host

Question 19

Comparative Anatomy

Answer 19

the study of structural similarities and differences among living things

Question 20

Homologous structures

Answer 20

divergent evolution

Question 21

Analogous structures

Answer 21

convergent evolution

Question 22

Vestigial structures

Answer 22

non-functional structures that are remnants of structures that were functional in an ancestral form (tailbone, wisdom teeth)

Question 23

Malthus

Answer 23

Was a sociologist, all species have to struggle for their survival (limited resources)

Question 24

Lyell

Answer 24

Geologist who came up with “uniformitarianism”: as the earth changes, so do the organisms that inhabit the earth

Question 25

Hutton

Answer 25

Geologist who promoted the concept of “gradualism”: Observed that Earth was much older than originally thought

Question 26

How would Lamarck explain giraffe neck evolution?

Answer 26

As Giraffes reached for high trees, their necks got longer which caused their offspring to get longer necks (use & disuse)

Question 27

How would Darwin explain giraffe neck evolution?

Answer 27

Long-neck giraffes would survive and pass their traits for longer necks along to their offspring whereas short-necked giraffes would die and not pass their trait to shorter necks

Question 28

Overproduction

Answer 28

most species produce more offspring than needed to maintain the population

Question 29

Competition

Answer 29

food and territory are limited so offspring must compete with each other

Question 30

Variation

Answer 30

all individuals within a species differ in some way from each other (mutation & sexual reproduction)

Question 31

Adaption

Answer 31

having the traits that allow you to survive

Question 32

Adaption

Answer 32

inherited traits that improve an individual's chance of survival

Question 33

Natural Selection

Answer 33

offspring that are better adapted to survive, reproduce, and pass on favorable traits to their offspring

Question 34

Explain the difference between a Batesian and a Mullerian mimicry

Answer 34

Batesian mimicry is where a palatable and harmless organic, mimics a harmful and unpalatable organism for protection whereas Mullerian mimicry is where species mimic each other by a warning signal (yellow & black)

Question 35

Artificial selection

Answer 35

an evolutionary process in which humans consciously select for or against particular features in organisms

Question 36

Explain how Darwin used artificial selection in his theory of evolution

Answer 36

Darwin used this as an analogy to natural selection, he compared artificial to varieties, hereditary variation in nature to that in the breeding farm, he also compared the overall effectiveness of two processes