Evolution of Psychology

Question 1

Applied Psychology

Answer 1

Psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems

Question 2

Behaviour

Answer 2

Observable reactions to stimuli, including personal thoughts. Others cannot observe them, but you can!

Question 3

Behaviourism

Answer 3

Branch of psychology focused on stimuli-response relationships
Belief that behaviour is taught, not instinctive

Question 4

Biological Psychology

Answer 4

Branch of psychology focused on how brain chemistry and processes influence behaviour

Question 5

Clinical Psychology

Answer 5

Branch of psychology focused on diagnosing and treating mental disorders from a non medical perspective

Question 6

Counselling Psychology

Answer 6

Overlaps with clinical psychology but focuses on everyday matters like family and marital life.

Question 7

Culture

Answer 7

Set of beliefs and values shared by a society that influences behaviour

Question 8

Cognition

Answer 8

Similar to consciousness
Thinking / conscious experience
Must be studied in order to fully understand human behaviour

Question 9

Critical Thinking

Answer 9

Use of cognitive skills to help promote positive outcomes

Question 10

Developmental Psychologist

Answer 10

A psychologist who studies how humans mature and change

Once focused on child development but has since expanded to the entire life span

Question 11

Empiricism

Answer 11

The belief knowledge must be gained through observation

Question 12

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 12

Branch of psychology that studies the traits passed down from generations that have increased the rate of survival and reproductive success

Question 13

Experimental Psychology

Answer 13

Traditional topics of early psychology like learning, conditioning, memory etc.
This title is misleading as all branches of psychology involve experimentation

Question 14

Functionalism

Answer 14

Studies the function and purpose of consciousness, rather than the structure and how it works.
Supports Darwins belief that every passed down trait has a purpose

Question 15

Humanism

Answer 15

A more positive approach to psychology that believed humans are unique from animals in the sense we have free will and a drive for personal growth.
This branch of psychology dismisses animal research since they are too underdeveloped to influence the understanding of human behaviour

Question 16

Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

Answer 16

Psychologist who works with business to better their workplace by increasing staff morale, attitude and efficiency and running human resource etc.

Question 17

Introspection

Answer 17

Self-observation of ones own conscious experience

Question 18

Natural Selection

Answer 18

Traits that are passed down from generations that increase reproductive success and the rate of survival

Question 19

Personality Psychology

Answer 19

Psychology that studies consistency in behaviour (personality)
Considers factors that influence personality

Question 20

Positive Psychology

Answer 20

Uses research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative and fulfilling aspects to the human existence

Question 21

Psychiatry

Answer 21

The diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders from a medical perspective

Question 22

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 22

Freuds attempts to explain personality, motivation and mental disturbances using unconscious influences on behaviour

Question 23

Psychometrics

Answer 23

Focuses on designing tests to assess personality, intelligence and other abilities
Also works on statistical analysis

Question 24

Psychology

Answer 24

Psyche: soul, spirit, mind
Logos: to study
Used to mean study of the mind, but now means study of behaviour and psychological cognitive processes

Question 25

SQ3R

Answer 25

Survey (scan info) Question (generate questions based on headings) Read Recite (answer questions out loud) Review Effective for low-mid level readers since it solidifies information in the brain

Question 26

Social Psychologist

Answer 26

Studies interpersonal behaviour and the effect social groups have on behaviour Focuses on attraction, attitude formation/change, conformity etc

Question 27

Stimulus

Answer 27

Influence from the environment (sound, sight, smell etc)

Question 28

Structuralism

Answer 28

The focus on the structure of the conscious, more than the function or purpose. The conscious was separated into small sections and studies to see relations. Use of introspection

Question 29

Testwiseness

Answer 29

Knowing how to use the type of test to your advantage to score the highest mark possible

Question 30

Theory

Answer 30

A collection of thoughts put together to explain and link together unrelated behaviour

Question 31

Unconscious

Answer 31

Thoughts and feelings that lie beneath our conscious awareness but still influence our behaviour

Question 32

Charles Darwin

Answer 32

Created the theory of evolution and coined natural selection | His work highly influenced functionalists

Question 33

Sigmund Freud

Answer 33

A psychologist who attempted to help patients work through mental disturbances using psychoanalytic theory. Freud had a big focus on the unconscious and how it influenced our behaviour, especially sexually. Repressed sexual urges came out in everyday life as mental disorders. Psychoanalytic theory was met with skepticism since it was hard enough to study the conscious mind, let alone unconscious mind

Question 34

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 34

Opened the first experimental psychology lab in Baltimore, Maryland

Question 35

Donald Hebb

Answer 35

Believed behaviour happened in the brain and pushed advancements in neuroscience and cognition Curated cell assembly -repeated stimulation leads to development -resemble cognitive units that facilitate behaviour

Question 36

William James

Answer 36

Leader of functionalism Wrote 'Principles of Psychology' (most influential psychology text of all time) Used Darwins theories to explain psychology Believed psychology had many cultural and intellectual influences

Question 37

Carl Rogers

Answer 37

Founder of humanism | Argued that behaviour is influenced by our sense of self and mental disturbances sprout from suppressing human needs

Question 38

Martin Seligman

Answer 38

Founder of positive psychology movement | Realized the psychology field was unnecessarily negative and could be improved

Question 39

B.F. Skinner

Answer 39

Studied behaviourism Believed behaviour was influenced by environmental stimulus Redefined internal thoughts as private events and deemed them unnecessary to study in order to understand behaviour Believed that behaviour that created a positive outcome was repeated, while behaviour that brought on a negative or neutral outcome was avoided

Question 40

John B. Watson

Answer 40

Founder of behaviourism Believed the study of the conscious should be abandoned since it could not be scientifically studied Believed behaviour was taught not hereditary (Nurture, not nature)

Question 41

Wilhelm Wudnt

Answer 41

Wanted psychology to be dependent from its parents (philosophy and physiology) Established first psychological journal focusing on research

Question 42

Gestalt Psychologists

Answer 42

Believed psychology should study only consciousness, not observable behaviour

Question 43

Six Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives

Answer 43

1. behavioural -environment affects observable behaviour -stimulus-response relationships can be scientifically studied 2. psychoanalytic -unconscious mind influences behaviour unidentified unconscious disturbances cause personality/mental disorders 3. humanistic -humans are unique in the sense of free will and the drive for personal growth 4. cognitive -behaviour can't be understood until we understand how people acquire, store and process information 5. biological -behaviour can be explained using brain chemistry and body processes 6. evolutionary -behaviour has been taught to solve problems -natural selection favours behaviour that promotes positive outcomes

Question 44

Psychology's Development in Canada

Answer 44

James Mark Baldwin opened first lab in Canada Dalhousie offered the first psych course McGill established the first psych department CPA established in 1939

Question 45

List 4 specialities within applied psychology

Answer 45

1. Clinical Psychology 2. Counselling Psychology 3. Educational/School Psychology 4. Industrial/Business Psychology

Question 46

Multifactoral Causation of Behaviour

Answer 46

Behaviour is complex and cannot be explained with a single cause.