Evolution•Test🦖

Question 1

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 1

The idea that living things can arise from non-living matter.

Question 2

Experiments Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Redi

Answer 2

Meat in jars proved that the flies laid eggs that became new flies and not that the flies just popped out of the rotting meat.

Question 3

Experiments Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Pasteur

Answer 3

Goose neck flask proved that microbes also did not just appear out of thin air. He countered the vital force argument.

Question 4

Experiments Disproving Spontaneous Generation: Miller

Answer 4

Large molecules can self- assemble if they are provided energy and smaller molecules

Question 5

Endosymbiosis

Answer 5

The theory that modern eukaryotic cells arose by symbiotic arrangements of other cells rather than by evolving the organelles on their own.

Question 6

Endosymbiosis lines of evidence that makes us believe

Answer 6

first: bacteria establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms all the time.
second: mitochondria and chloroplasts have many similarities to bacteria
third- mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA

Question 7

Lamarck

Answer 7

In 1809 Lamarck was the first to propose a systematic view of evolution called derived traits

Question 8

Derived Traits

Answer 8

This means any changes that are made to an adult organism get passed into the offspring. ~LAMARCK

Question 9

Darwin~ Natural Selection

Answer 9

Darwin would say that giraffes for their long necks when individuals with slightly longer necks ate better and had more offspring than those with shorter necks.

Question 10

Natural selection

Answer 10

The mechanism of evolution
a) Not all offspring are identical
b) More offspring are produced than can be supported- some die before reproducing
c) Individuals that manage to pass on their genes are “successful” and determine what the next generation looks like

Question 11

Extinction

Answer 11

99.9% of all species are now extinct

Question 12

Artificial Selection

Answer 12

Humans breeding organisms for particular traits

Question 13

Mutation

Answer 13

an uncorrected change in the genetic code

Question 14

Variation

Answer 14

Slight differences in the DNA sequence between individuals of the same Species due to mutations

Question 15

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 15

The inability of two individuals from the same species to have the opportunity to mate. This can be a result of Geographical, Behavioral, Temporal, Anatomical isolation which all lead to Genetic Isolation

Question 16

Geographical Isolation

Answer 16

They are located in different places

Question 17

Behavioral Isolation

Answer 17

The courtship rituals are different enough to prevent mating.

Question 18

Temporal Isolation

Answer 18

The timing of the mating season can be different

Question 19

Anatomical Isolation

Answer 19

The organisms are physically incapable of mating

Question 20

Genetic Isolation

Answer 20

The organism’s chromosomes are no longer homologous

Question 21

Species

Answer 21

A groups which is genetically isolated from all other living things. (reproduction will only result in fertile offspring when matings occur within this group.)

Question 22

Evolution (Whites definition)

Answer 22

Changing from one species into another when accumulated mutations have built up to the point where individuals can no longer mate successfully with other members of what was their species

Question 23

Evidence of Evolution

Answer 23

1) Fossil evidence
2) Geographic distribution of similar looking but unrelated species
3) Homologous Anatomical evidence
4) Embryological evidence
5) DNA evidence

Question 24

Evolution of Metabolic pathways

Answer 24

Include several long and complex molecular and chemical reactions including glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Question 25

Fossils determining age

Answer 25

Relative and Absolute dating

Question 26

Relative dating

Answer 26

fossils that are closer to the surface are more recent (also compares it to similar rocks and fossils of known ages)

Question 27

Radioactive dating

Answer 27

AKA carbon dating method, ratio of different isotopes of carbon is compared for the fossil and living organisms present today

Question 28

Absolute dating

Answer 28

Used to determine a precise age of a fossil by using radioactive dating

Question 29

Decay

Answer 29

When isotopes break down at a constant rate

Question 30

Radioactive decay equations

Answer 30

Half life x (number of half-lives)=times passed

Question 31

Convergent Evolution

Answer 31

where two different organism put in similar situations will develop similar characteristics Example: shark and dolphin

Question 32

Divergent evolution

Answer 32

where two populations of the same species put in different situations will look different example: modern elephant and wooly mammoth are common ancestors

Question 33

Coevolution

Answer 33

when two species evolve “in response to each other overtime” Example: monarch butterfly and milkweed

Question 34

Population shifts

Answer 34

Changes in allele frequencies over time can indicate that genetic drift is occurring or that new mutations have been introduced into the population

Question 35

Gene pool

Answer 35

refers to the combination of all genes present in a reproducing population or species

Question 36

Allele frequency

Answer 36

the percentage of a specific allele in the gene pool

Question 37

Selective Pressure

Answer 37

the thing which includes a change in the gene pool by deciding who gets to reproduce

Question 38

niche

Answer 38

a role in the ecosystem-like seed eater vs insect eater (describes the organism)

Question 39

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 39

Some dramatic change in the environment drastically changing who survives. This opens up new niches. Many species will evolve from a single ancestral species

Question 40

Hardy Weinberg Principle

Answer 40

the allele frequency will not change (Genetic Equilibrium) if the following are true 1) no selective pressure: no advantage or disadvantage 2) mating is random: not dependent on the allele 3) population is large 4) no immigration or emigration 5) no new mutations

Question 41

Directional population shifts diagrams

Answer 41

look at pictures

Question 42

Temporal population shifts

Answer 42

look at pictures

Question 43

Gradualism

Answer 43

gradual changes

Question 44

Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 44

hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation

Question 45

Ethology

Answer 45

the genetics of behavior

Question 46

Reproductive strategies: R- Strategist

Answer 46

relies on massive numbers of offspring hoping that some small fraction will survive

Question 47

Reproductive strategies: K-Strategist

Answer 47

spends a great deal of energy on a few offspring expecting most to survive

Question 48

Energy: cold blooded

Answer 48

requires less food/water and does well in the desert, cannot inhabit cold environments , takes on the temp of the environment

Question 49

Energy strategies: warm blooded

Answer 49

maintains a constant body temp, requires much more food and water, does poorly in the dessert but well in the Arctic if there is food

Question 50

George Curvier

Answer 50

french anatomist first to propose extinction

Question 51

How do we calculate the speed of a dinasour- bob bakker

Answer 51

height of the leg and length of its stride

Question 52

How do we know that dinosaurs were most likely warm blooded- bob bakker

Answer 52

warm-blooded dinosaurs move at a “hot blooded cruise” (very fast). We know this from the distance between their footprints

Question 53

Why would dinosaurs use low frequency sounds- david wiesample

Answer 53

long distance communication and other dinosaurs cannot locate the sound

Question 54

Jack Horner- how do we know that one set of dinosaurs could run immediately upon hatching while another was altricial (nest bound)

Answer 54

shells were intact and bone consumes were found on the end and nest bound shells were crushed and spongey ends to bone condyles

Question 55

Where did the wing attach

Answer 55

ankles- walked slow hips- walked good

Question 56

Flapper vs glider

Answer 56

Flapping- cold blooded Soaring- warm blooded