Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio > evolution test > Flashcards

evolution test Flashcards

1
Q

point mutation

A

when only one nucleotide is affected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

missense mutation

A

when only one nucleotide is changed and this impacts the amino acid added to the polypeptide chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

silent mutation

A

when a nucleotide changes but the resulting amino acid does not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nonsense mutation

A

when a codon is changed to a STOP codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

frameshift mutation

A

when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted and it shifts every base that follows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

frameshift insertion

A

when a base pair is added, shifting the reading frame and changing the amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

frameshift deletion

A

when a base pair is deleted, shifting the reading frame and changing the amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

substitution mutation

A

when a base pair is replaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a, t, c, g, u

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

promoter

A

the nucleotide sequence that acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

terminator

A

DNA sequence that ends transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

intiation

A

first stage of transcription: RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter, it opens the double-helix, and starts to synthesize RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

elongation

A

second stage of transcription: newly formed RNA strand grows and the molecule peels away from the DNA template as it forms, DNA returns to its original double-helix and RNA polymerase adds free nucleotides to the DNA template using H bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

termination

A

last stage of transcription: RNA polymerase reaches the terminator, it detaches from the DNA/RNA, and the newly synthesized RNA is released for traveling into the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

founder effect

A

a small group of individuals form a new population from a larger population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bottleneck effect

A

sudden reduction in population size due to environmental change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

helicase

A

enzyme that separates/unzips the anti-parallel DNA strands in DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

primase

A

enzyme that adds RNA primers to the DNA strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

DNA polymerase 3

A

adds free nucleotides to form new DNA strands, creates identical molecules of DNA by following base-pairing rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ligase

A

attaches Okazaki fragments to DNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

adaptation

A

trait developed over time that helps a species become better suited for an environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

homology

A

underlying structural or molecular similarity but has different function, which can show reveal evolutionary relationships

24
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

25
natural selection
process where organisms better adapted to survive their environment live longer to reproduce
26
5' end
phosphate group
27
3' end
free hydroxyl group
28
semi-conservative
conserves the original DNA- half new and half original in newly formed DNA mQ
29
codon
3 nucleotides read together; DNA and RNA sequences
30
chargaffs rule
theres an equal amount of A to T and C to G
31
anti-parallel
running parallel but in opposite directions: phosphate to hydroxyl (5 to 3) and hydroxxyl to phosphate (3 to 5)
32
genetic drift
change in a population's gene pool due to chance (natural disaster/event)
33
gene flow
change in a population's gene pool due to movement into/out of the population
34
RNA polymerase
enzyme in transcription that binds to the promoter and makes a strand of mRNA by adding free nucleotides as it moves along the DNA strand; free bases are added to the mRNA strand in the order that the DNA strand codes for
35
mRNA
messenger RNA: carries the DNA's instructions and directs protein synthesis
36
tRNA
transfer RNA: carries the corresponding amino acid to the ribosome as each codon on the mRNA is read
37
polypeptide
chain of amino acids
38
anti-codon
complementary triplet codon on the tRNA that base-pairs with the mRNA codon during translation
39
start codon
codon that begins the chain of amino acids
40
stop codon
codon that codes to stop the chain of amino acids
41
okazaki fragments
short segments of nucleotides that are added discontinuously to the lagging strand in DNA replication
42
replication bubble
structure formed when helicase separates the two DNA strands during replication
43
replication fork
Y-shaped region where the double-helix is being unzipped into two strands
44
leading strand
where nucleotides are added continuously towards the fork
45
lagging strand
where nucleotides are added in short segments
46
non-coding/template strand
strand whose codons code for mRNA
47
coding strand
strand of anticodons whose sequence will be the same as the mRNA
48
pedigree
a diagram that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations --> Huntington's Disease
49
trinucleotide repeat
repetition of the same three nucleotides; connect to Huntington's Disease: more repeats = earlier onset
50
electrode
device conducting electricity that showed frequencies trinucleotide repeats; because DNA is slightly negative, will move to the positive end
51
gene pool
total collection of alleles in a population
52
What were Darwin’s contributions to our understanding of evolution?
wrote The Origin of Species → launched the era of evolutionary biology called his theory 'descent with modification', which explains that… all life is connected by common ancestry & descendants have accumulated adaptations to changing environments over time
53
fossils
imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past- show similarities/differences between past and present organisms & reveal extinction of many species
54
homologies
– underlying similarity but different function structural and molecular homologies reveal evolutionary relationships & vestigial structures – remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors
55
genetics
mutations and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes evolution possible, researchers compare genome sequences from many species, counting the nucleotide differences provides information on how long ago different species diverged from a common ancestor → more nucleotide differences means two species have evolved separately for a longer time
56
species evolve and not individuals?
individual people cannot adapt to changing environments because adaptations occur over generations therefore species evolve over a vast amount of time not individuals
57
6 conditions for natural selection to occur
variation, overproduction of offspring, competition for survival, differential survival, reproduction, inheritance

Bio (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions