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evolution unit Flashcards

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1
Q

what is evolution

A

biological history of life and how it became what it is today

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2
Q

what is LUCA

A

last universal common ancestor

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3
Q

who first gave a mechanism as to how evolution works

A

Charles Darwin

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4
Q

what are the 5 main pieces of evidence that support evolution?

A

fossil record, biogeography, embryology, anatomy, DNA (FBEAD)

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5
Q

what kind of fossil is Tiktaalik?

A

a transitional fossil that shows the transition from aquatic life to four legged land vertebrates

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6
Q

in what kind of rock are fossils found and which layer

A

in the strata of sedimentary rock

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7
Q

chronological evolution goes..

A

bacteria & algae, fungi & worms, land vertebrates

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8
Q

what is the oldest vertebrate

A

fish

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9
Q

biogeography is evidence for

A

how and why evolution occurs

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10
Q

geographically close environments are likely to be populated by

A

related species

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11
Q

what is embryology

A

the study of early pre birth stages of an organism’s development

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12
Q

what is a homologous structure

A

structures that have SIMILAR STRUCTURE but may have DIFFERENT FUNCTION

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13
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

when forelimbs of vertebrates have similar structures but may have different uses

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14
Q

what is a pentadactyl limb

A
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15
Q

what id the oldest vertebrate

A

fish; then amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

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16
Q

what is biogeography evidence of

A

how and why evolution occurs

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17
Q

what is embryology

A

study of early pre birth stages of an organism’s development

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18
Q

what is a homologous structure

A

structures that have SIMILAR STRUCTURE but often have DIFFERENT FUNCTION

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19
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

when forelimbs of vertebrates have similar structures but different uses

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20
Q

what is a pentadactyl limb

A

homologous structure; limbs with five digits, characteristic of 4 legged vertebrates (eg. human arm, whale fin)

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21
Q

what are analogous structures

A

structures that do not have common evolutionary origin, but have similar functions-CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

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22
Q

what are vestigial structures

A

remains of functional structure present in an ancestral species- present in REDUCED form (eg. wisdom teeth, appendix)

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23
Q

what is artificial selection

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A

repeatedly selection for purposefully breeding individuals with traits useful to humans (cattle, horse, dogs)

24
Q

what applied selective pressure in artificial selection?

25
what is natural selection
theory developed by Darwin that describes the process by which individuals with inherited characteristics that are well suited to their environment leave more offspring expressing those genes
26
what is differential reproductive success
a situation in which some individuals leave more offspring in the next generation than do others, often due to traits that confer advantages in survival and/or reproduction
27
what is fitness
individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment
28
what are some examples of natural selection
antibiotic resistance, industrial melanism, the finches in Daphne Major
29
how does antibiotic resistance happen
1. lots of germs, some are drug resistant. 2. antibiotics kill bacteria causing illness, as well as good bacteria protecting the body. 3. the drug resistant bacteria remain. 4. some bacteria give their resistance to other bacteria.
30
can drug resistance be passed on to other bacteria even when the bacteria is killed?
yes
31
what is micro evolution
evolution on the smallest scale; generation to generation change in the frequencies of alleles within a population
32
what is the term for when populations do not change their gene pools over time and are not evolving
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
33
what is macroevolution
also called SPECIATION; more dramatic evolutionary changes that result in a new species
34
how do allele frequencies change? (5 factors)
mutation, gene flow, non-random mating, genetic drift, natural selection (MGNGN)
35
mutations are often..
harmful and would be selected against
36
what is gene flow
movement of alleles from one population to another as a result of migration of individuals
37
what is genetic drift
when frequencies of certain alleles in populations are changed by chance
38
what is the founder effect
change in gene pool when only a few individuals (founders) start a new, isolated population, often occurring on islands
39
what is the bottleneck effect
changes in gene distribution that result from a rapid decrease in population size
40
what are the three types of natural selection
stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disruptive selection
41
what is stabilizing selection
favours intermediate pheno., acts against extreme variants (eg. human birth weights)
42
what is directional selection
favouring extreme variants of a trait- shift away from average (common in artificial selection)
43
what is disruptive selection
favours individuals with variations at either extreme of a trait over individuals with the intermediate variations- two different phenotypes
44
what is speciation
formation of a new species from an existing species (macro evolution)
45
what is a species
population or group of populations whose members can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring
46
what are the types of speciation
sympatric and allopatric
47
what is sympatric speciation
more common in plants- populations within same geographic range diverge and become reproductively isolated
48
what is polyploidy
error in cell division that results in multiple sets of chromosomes
49
what is allopathic speciation
population split into 2 or more isolated groups by a geographic barrier- also known as geographic speciation
50
how does speciation occur
reproductive isolation- little to no gene flow between populations
51
explain pre zygotes barriers in reference of reproductive isolation
mating & fertilization are prevented; occurs because of behavioural, temporal (breeding times), habitat, mechanical (anatomically incompatible), and gametic isolation
52
explain post zygotic barriers in reference of reproductive isolation
rarely will a zygote even form from mating of 2 different species, let alone be visible. it’s caused by hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown.
53
what is divergent evolution
evolution from a common ancestor that results in diverse species (adaptive radiation)
54
what is convergent evolution
distantly related species that live in similar environments developing similar adaptations
55
what is gradualism
slow and steady evolutionary change
56

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