Evolutionary History

Question 1

Definition of phylogenetic classification

Answer 1

Grouping organisms together to reflect evolutionary history, closely related organisms grouped together. Groups have a more recent common ancestor so will share physical properties

Question 2

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 2

Branch points represent common ancestors of organisms in branches above

Question 3

Taxa are..

Answer 3

Levels of classification

Question 4

Classification order

Answer 4

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 5

Largest taxon?

Answer 5

Domain

Question 6

3 types of Domain

Answer 6

Eubacteria
Archaea
Eukaryota

Question 7

Eubacteria

Answer 7

Prokaryotes, familiar bacteria like e.coli and salmonella

Question 8

Archaea

Answer 8

Prokaryotes, bacteria with unusual metabolisms, ‘extremophiles’

Question 9

Eukaryota

Answer 9

Eukaryotes like plantae, fungi, animalia, protoctista

Question 10

5 types of Kingdom

Answer 10

Prokaryota
Protoctista
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi

Question 11

Prokaryota

Answer 11

Bacteria/Cyanobacteria, microscopic, single called organisms with no membrane bound organelles , prokaryotes with murein/peptidoglycan cell walls

Question 12

Protoctista

Answer 12

Eukaryotes, unicellular, can be multicellular but with no tissue differentiation e.g amoeba, algae, slime moulds

Question 13

Fungi

Answer 13

Eukaryotes with chitin cell walls, heterotrophic, reproduce using spores

Question 14

Plantae

Answer 14

Autotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes with cellulose cell walls, photosynthetic (e.g chloroplasts contain chlorophyll)

Question 15

Animalia

Answer 15

Heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes with no cell walls, nervous coordination

Question 16

Autotrophic

Answer 16

Take simple inorganic molecules and convert into complex organic molecules to use as an energy source

Question 17

Heterotrophic

Answer 17

Require ready made complex organic molecules to use as food/energy source

Question 18

Homologous structures

Answer 18

Similar arrangement of component parts and similar developmental structure but different functions
(Same basic structure, different function)
Shows existence of common ancestry

Question 19

Analogous structures

Answer 19

Corresponding function but different developmental origin
(Same function, different structure)
Shows no evidence for common ancestor

Question 20

Convergent evolution

Answer 20

Unrelated species evolve similar features to overcome similar problems

Question 21

DNA base sequences

Answer 21

Evolution, DNA base sequence changes in species, considered a different species, closely related species have similar DNA base sequences

Question 22

DNA hybridisation

Answer 22

DNA extracted and cut into fragments
Fragments from 2 species mixed, where there are complimentary base pairs they hybridise together

Heat to 95 (hydrogen bonds break)
Combine strands
Cool down and hybrid DNA forms
Heat up, will break at less than 95 as fewer hydrogen bonds to break (DNA strands won’t have identical base sequences)

Question 23

Amino acid sequence

Answer 23

Determined by DNA base sequence
Similarity of proteins shows how closely related they are
Can produce evolutionary tree

Count amount of amino acid sequences in common, most in common=most closely related so have most common ancestor

Question 24

Immunology

Answer 24

Antigens of one species mix with antibodies of another forming a precipitate
More they react, more precipitate made, more closely related

Question 25

Species definition (reproductive definition)

Answer 25

Organisms are in same species if they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 26

Taxonomy definition and what it allows

Answer 26

Identification & naming of organism allows description and discovery of biodiversity, investigate evolutionary relationships and classifications to reflect them

Question 27

Why is binomial system used?

Answer 27

Latin = universal language | 2 names= Genus species [must be underlined] (name is unique and specific)

Question 28

Biodiversity

Answer 28

Number of species and number of individuals of each species in a given area

Question 29

Simpsons index of biodiversity

Answer 29

S = 1 - sigma n(n-1) divided by N(N-1) ``` n = number of individuals N = number of organisms sampled ```

Question 30

'Gene pool'

Answer 30

All genes and alleles present in a population

Question 31

Polymorphism

Answer 31

Many different phenotype a in population e.g blood types

Question 32

98% alleles recessive compared to 50% recessive

Answer 32

Lower biodiversity in 98%

Question 33

Evolution

Answer 33

Process by which new species formed from pre existing species over long periods of time

Question 34

Natural selection stages

Answer 34

``` Mutation Variation Competitive advantage Survival of the fittest Reproduction Pass advantageous gene to offspring ```

Question 35

Who has different opinion to missing links and creation?

Answer 35

Eldridge and Gould

Question 36

Anatomical traits

Answer 36

E.g. Sharks, Dolphins, penguins have streamlined bodies to catch food/ escape predators Some plants have nectar/honey guides on flowers to attract more pollinators

Question 37

Physiological traits

Answer 37

Mammals and birds endothermic Polar bears however reset body temp hibernating so as not to waste energy Leaves fall off in autumn to reduce water loss

Question 38

Behavioural traits

Answer 38

Plants flower in spring when pollinating insects emerge | Mating rituals