EW Cards Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
What type of business dominates in Abruzzo?
A
Coops
2
Q
What grape is in Vino Nobile di Montepulciano
A
70-100% Sangiovese
3
Q
Key environmental factors for New Zealand
A
All maritime except central otago
Lots of sun and UV
Latitudes 36-46
Cooler to the south
Large diurnal
Rain shadow from Alps on South Island
4
Q
Canopy management key in New Zealand, why?
A
Fertile soils and lots of sun = vegetative growth
Rainfall can cause disease
High yields, 70 that can all actually ripen here. More leaves are more photosynthesis and more fruit.
Big vines (Scott Henry, Lyre) vs VSP
5
Q
NZ SvB
A
Tropical flavors on sunny side
Herbaceous flavors on shady side
Machine harvest - thiols increased when grapes are banged up
Chill fruit quickly
Protective winery handling, cool ferment in steel
No MLF to preserve acid
Minimal aging
6
Q
Strengths & Weaknesses of NZ as a wine producer (need to update)
A
Strengths -
Freedom to experiment due to lack of regulation
Fertile soils
Sustainability
Well suited to high volume production keeps costs down
Low and no abv are best with wines that have a lot of aromatics - trend towards that
Weakness -
Screw cap perception.
7
Q
North Island key regions
A
Gisborne - ripe Chard
Hawkes Bay - Merlot based Brdx blends
Wairarapa - PN and SvB; Martinborough
8
Q
South Island key regions
A
Marlborough - 2/3 of NZ vineyard area. Irrigation key due to rain shadow. Blending common in the valleys.
Central Otago - NZ only continental. High UV. 70% PN. PG too
9
Q
What grape is in Morellino de Scansano
A
85% Sangiovese
10
Q
Loire varietals
A
Sauvignon Blanc, Melon, Cabernet Franc, Chenin Blanc
11
Q
Bordeaux varietals
A
Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, semillon, Sauvignon Blanc
12
Q
Burgundy varietals
A
Chardonnay, Pinot noir
13
Q
Beaujolais varietals
A
Gamay
14
Q
Alsace varietals
A
Pinot Blanc, sparkling
Noble: riesling, Gerwurztraminer, Pinot Gris, Muscat
Pinot noir
Sylvaner
15
Q
Rhône varietals
A
Granache, Syrah - by a lot
Mourvèdre, cinsault, Granache Blanc, Viognier, roussanne , marsanne
16
Q
Southern France varietals-
Languedoc, Roussillon, Provence
A
L: Syrah, Granache, Merlot, Carignan
R: Grenache, Syrah, carignan
P: Grenache, cinsault, Syrah
17
Q
Southwest France:
Bergerac, Monbazillac, Cahors, Madiran, Jurancon
A
B: Bordeaux varieties
M: sweet only, Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, semillon, muscadelle
C: Malbec
Madiran: Tannat
J: Petit Manseng, Gros Manseng
18
Q
Jura varietals
A
Chardonnay, Savagnin (vin jaune), Poulsard, Pinot noir
19
Q
Southern Italy varietals
A
Campania: aglianico (3x), falanghina (white), barbera
Basilicata: aglianico, sg, primitivo, Greco (white), Malvasia
Puglia: SG, primitivo, negroaramo, montepulciano
Sardinia: cannonau, vermentino, carignan
Sicily: catarratto (white), Nero d’avola, grillo (white), Syrah
20
Q
Central Italy varietals
A
Tuscany: SG (7x), Merlot, CS, trebbiano toscano, vermentino
Marche: verdicchio, sg, montepulciano, trebbiano toscano
Umbria: sg, tt, grechetto di Orvieto, Merlot, sagrantino
Lazio: tt, Malvasia (white)
Abruzzo: montepulciano, tt, trebbiano abruzzese
21
Q
North West Italy, varietals
A
Piemonte: Barbera, Moscato Bianco, Nebbiolo, Dolcetto, Cortese (white)
22
Q
North east Italy, varietals
A
Trentino: Pg, Chardonnay, muller-thurgau, teroldego (red)
Alto Adige: pG, gerwurztraminer, Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, schiava (red), lagrein (red)
Friuli: PG, glera
Veneto: glera, pg, garganega, corvina, rondinella
23
Q
Italy varietals
A
SG, Trebbiano Toscano, Montepulciano, catarratto bianco, merlot, Chardonnay, glera, Pinot Grigio, Barbera
24
Q
Germany varietals
A
Riesling, Pinot Noir, Muller thurgau, Pinot Gris, DornFelder (red), Pinot Blanc, SilvaNer
25
Austria varietals
Gruner veltiner (2.5x), zweigelt, welschriesling, blaufrankisch, Riesling
26
Tokaj varietals
Furmint, harslevelu, muscat blanc a petit grains
27
Greece varietals
Roditis (white, restina (pine resin)), savatiano (white, restina), agiorgitiko (red), muscat, assyrtiko, xinomavro (red)
28
Spain varietals
Tempranillo, Airen (both 4x others)
Grenache, Macabeo, Graciano, Albariño
29
Rias Baixas varietals
Albariño
30
Ribera del Duero varietals
Tempranillo
31
Rioja varietals
Tempranillo, macabeo (white but small)
32
Navara varietals
Grenache, Tempranillo
33
Penedes varietals
Xarel-lo, macabeo, parellada. (Mostly white).
Merlot
34
Priorat varietals
Grenache, carinena. CS, Syrah, Merlot
35
Alicante, Jumilla, Yecla varietals
Mourvèdre
36
La Mancha varietals
Airen, Tempranillo
37
Valdepenas varietals
Tempranillo, cencibel
38
Basque varietals
Txakoli
39
Portugal varietals
Tinta Roriz, Touriga Franca, Touriga Nacional, Maria Gomes (white), Castelao, Trincadiera, Baga
40
Vinho Verde varietals
Loureira, Albariño
41
Douro varietals
Touriga Franca, Touriga Nacional
42
Dao varietals
Mencia, Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz
43
Barriada varietals
Baga, Maria Gomes (white)
44
Alentejo varietals
Tinta Roriz, Alicante Bouschet, Trincadeira
45
Lisboa varietals
Many
46
California varietals
Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Zinfandel, Merlot
47
Oregon varietals
Pinot Noir (huge), Pinot Gris, Chardonnay
48
Washington state varietals
Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Riesling, Merlot, Syrah, Sauvignon Blanc
49
New York varietals
Catawba, riesling, Chardonnay, Merlot, Cabernet Franc
Concord #1 by 8x
50
Canada varietals
Vidal, Merlot, Cabernet Franc
some Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Gerwurztraminer, riesling
51
Chile varietals
Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, Carmenere, pais
52
Argentina varietals
Malbec, pink criolla varieties, Bonarda, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Torrontes
53
South Africa varietals
Chenin Blanc, Columbard, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon Blanc, Shiraz, Pinotage
54
Australia varietals
Shiraz, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon.
Much less: Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Gris
55
New Zealand variety
Sauvignon Blanc (5X), Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Pinot Gris
56
China varietals
Cabernet Sauvignon (2x), carmenere. Tiny: Merlot
57
Early budding varietals
Cabernet Franc, Chenin Blanc, Pinot Gris, Silvaner, Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer, melon, Merlot Nebiolo, petite Verdot, Pinot Noir, Sangiovese, Aglianico, Barbera, Zinfandel
58
Late budding varietals
Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache, riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Mourvèdre
59
Early ripening varietals
Gewurztraminer, melon, Pinot Grigio, Pinot Noir, Sylvaner, Sauvignon Blanc, Torontes, Tempranillo, CF
60
Mid ripening varietals
Malbec, Merlot, semiLlon
61
Late ripening varietals
Bonarda Argentina, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chenin Blanc, Furmint, Nebiolo, petite Verdot, Sangiovese, Aglianico, Barbera, Mourvèdre
62
Drought resistant varietals
Grenache
63
High yielding varietals
Bonarda Argentina, Chenin Blanc, Grenache, Riesling, Sangiovese, Semillon, Torrontes, Aglianico, Barbera, Zinfandel, Tempranillo
64
Vigorous varietals
Chenin Blanc, Sangiovese, Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer, Nebbiolo, Malbec, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Torontes, Aglianico, Barbera
65
Thin skin varietals
Pinot noir, Sangiovese, gamay, welschriesling, cortese
66
Thick skin varietals
Cabernet Sauvignon, Baga, Mourvèdre, grechetto, fiano, Albariño, Vidal, Petit Manseng, Savagnin, Blaufrankisch, Furmint, Corvina, Tempranillo
67
Varietals susceptible to phomopsis
Grenache
68
Varietals susceptible to powdery mildew
Chenin Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer, Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc, Nero d’avola
69
Varietals susceptible to Downey mildew
Grenache, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir
70
Varietals susceptible to gray rot
Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer
71
Varietals susceptible to Eutypa Dieback
Cabernet Sauvignon
72
Varietals susceptible to Esca
Sangiovese, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon
73
Varietal susceptible to botrytis bunch rot
Chenin Blanc, SG, Sauvignon Blanc, Grenache, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Pinot Grigio, Furmint, Grolleau Noir, semillon, Muscadelle, Aglianico
74
Varietals susceptible to Grapevine yellows
Chardonnay
75
Varietals susceptible to fan leaf virus
Pinot noir, Barbera
76
Varietals susceptible to leaf roll virus
Pinot noir
77
Varietals susceptible to Millerandage
Chardonnay, Pinot Noir
78
Varietals susceptible to coulure
Grenache, Gewurztraminer, Merlot, Nero d’avola, Malbec, CF
79
Varietals susceptible to chlorosis
Gewurztraminer
80
Varietals susceptible to drought
Merlot
81
Varietals susceptible to Grapevine moth
Gewurztraminer
82
Methods to produce rosé
Direct pressing
Short maceration
Blending
83
What are the main grapes of Marche?
Verdicchio, Sangiovese, montepulciano. Much less - Trebbiano Toscano
84
Growing environment, Cahors
Climate: maritime, warm and drier v Brdx, Atlantic
Topography: River Lot
Sun: adequate
Water: rainfall year round. 800mm
Soils: rich alluvial. Limestone in higher elevations. 
Hazards: fungus, rot.
Trellising: Guyot single some Cordon
Harvest: rain dependent
Mechanization: yes
Pruning:
Key winemaking:
Grapes: Malbec
85
Growing environment, Bordeaux
Climate: maritime
Topography: flat, sand dunes, Pine Forest
Sun:
Water: rain throughout the year
Soils: gravel on left Bank, clays on right Bank
Hazards: rain, fungus, Esca, Eutypa dieback
Grapes: merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, petite Verdot. Semillon, Sauvignon Blanc.
Trellising: double guyot left, single guyot right. Closely spaced vines at 10,000 per hectare planted 1 m apart with 1 m between the row maximizing expensive land use
Management options: open canopy, leaf removal, spraying
Harvest: rain dependent
Mechanization: both
Pruning: winter pruning, believe green harvesting unbalances the Vines
Key Winemaking: French Oak, both new and old. Aging. Tannin extraction. Lees
86
Growing environment, Chablis
Climate: cool continental. Moist
Topography:
Sun:
Water:
Soils: KimMeridian. High pH limestone.
Hazards: frost, hail, fungus
Grapes: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir
Trellising: double guyot
Management options: frost protection, careful ripening
Harvest:
Mechanization: majority machine. Grand Cru by hand.
Pruning: late prune to delay, bud burst
Key Winemaking:
87
Growing environment, Côte d’Or, cote chalonnaise, Maconnaise
Climate: moderate continental
Topography: aspect and elevation are key
:
Soils: limestone, clay
Hazards: frost, Hale, untimely rain
Grapes: Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
Trellising: guyot, dense planting
Management options: spraying, canopy management for fungus
Harvest: harvest date is critical due to weather
Mechanization: majority hand
Pruning: Debudding, green harvest
Key Winemaking: French oak, old and new. Aging. Extraction of tenants. Whites with and without leaves and aging.
88
Growing environment, Beaujolais
Climate: continental. Mistral
Topography: Hills in the north flatter to the south
Water: adequate, 750 mm
Soils: granite, and Sandy in the north. More fertile in the south.
:
Grapes: Gamay, Chardonnay
Trellising: bush training, low for wind protection. Where possible trellising for mechanization
Mechanization: whole bunch needs hand
Key Winemaking: carbonic, semi carbonic
89
Growing environment Alsace
Climate: continental. Fohn wind. Long Sunshine -northern latitude. Diurnal at altitude. Warm, dry.
Topography: foothills of the Vosges, flat plain
Water: moderate to low rainfall, 650
Soils: varied, mosaic of terroirs.
Hazards: drought, frost. Rain risk at flowering or fruit set not so much at harvest.
Grapes: riesling, Gewurztraminer, Pinot Gris, muscat. Pinot noir. Pinot Blanc, Silvaner
Trellising: single or double Guyot required by law. Trained high for frost. Open canopy due to regular rain. Canopies are higher to maximize the sun. Spacing between rows has to be wider to avoid shading. Typical planting density is 4500 per hectare.
Management options: mildew is not a big issue here. Lots of organic more than twice the rate of France. Moths, Esca
Harvest: long harvest due to a range of styles and diversity of sites, (altitude, exposition). Sparkling to late picked/ botrytis
Mechanization: both. Steep slopes by hand.
:
Key Winemaking:
90
Growing environment Nantais
Climate: cool maritime
Topography: flat
Sun:
Water: lots
Soils:
Hazards: rain at flowering or harvest. Fungus. Frost.
Grapes: melon
Trellising:
Management options: spray, canopy management, leaf removal
Harvest: watch the rain
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
91
Growing environment Anjou-Samor
Climate: decreasing maritime
Topography: river Layon and multiple tributaries creates Misty conditions for botrytis
Water: 700
Soils: range. Schist and limestone.
Hazards: rain at flowering or harvest. Fungus. Frost.
Grapes: Cabernet Franc, Chenin Blanc, grolleau noir
Key Winemaking: 50% rosé, 20% red, 20% sparkling, 10% white
92
Growing environment Touraine
Climate: increasing continental
Topography:
Sun:
Water: 700
Soils: range. Chalk.
Hazards: rain at flowering or harvest. Fungus. Frost.
Grapes: Cabernet Frank, Shannon Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking: 50% red, 30% white, 15% sparkling, 5% rosé
93
Growing environment, central vineyards
Climate: continental long growing season days, low light intensity, low heat equals restrained wines
Topography:
Sun:
Water: 750
:
Hazards: frost. Summer hail.
Grapes: Sauvignon, Blanc, Pinot Noir
Key Winemaking:
94
Growing environment, northern Rhône
Climate: moderate continental. Mistral. Cornas in the south is a warm Mediterranean. Sunny, hot. Can be dry.
Topography: foothills. Along Rhône River. Some steep slopes.
Sun: lots
Water: 750
Soils: stony
Hazards:
Grapes: Syrah
Trellising: single or double guyot
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
95
Growing environment, southern Rhône
Climate: warm Mediterranean. Mr. Raul.
Topography: flatter, gently rolling.
Sun: lots
Water:
Soils: stony, Gallets
Hazards: Drought
Grapes: Granoche, sera, Mourvèdre
Trellising:
Management options: not with bush vines
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
96
Growing environment, southern France
Climate: warm Mediterranean. Windy
Topography: Languedoc has a low lying little plane. Rousillion is in the Pyrenees foothills. Provence has altitudes inland otherwise coastal.
Sun: high
Water: rousillion 550
Soils:
Hazards: drought
Grapes:
Languedoc: Syrah Granache Merlot, carignan
Rousillon: Granache, Syrah, carignan, Mourvèdre, Muscat
Provence: Grenache, cinsault, Syrah
Trellising: Low yields due to low rainfall and wind
Languedoc: yes. Traditional bush, but less now.
Rousillon: bush
Provence: yes, traditional, bush, but mechanizing
Management options: organic more widely used here than most regions due to dry windy conditions
Harvest: in Provence, a lot of rosé so the pick date is critical
Mechanization: yes
:
Key Winemaking: rousillon - vin duex natural
97
Growing environment, Bergerac
Climate: maritime, Atlantic influence
Topography: river dordogne
Sun:
Water:
Soils: Clay, limestone, some gravel
Hazards:
Grapes: Bordeaux, red and whites
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
98
Growing environment, Monbazillac
Climate: maritime, Atlantic influence
Topography: River dordogne
Grapes: Sauvignon Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Semillon, muscadelle
Harvest: multiple passes
Mechanization: hand
Key Winemaking: sweet only
99
Growing environment Madiran
Climate: Atlantic influence, near the Pyrenees. Fohn wind.
Topography: slopes,
Water: 1000
Soils: clay
Hazards:
Grapes: tannat
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
100
Growing environment juracon
Climate: altitude. Mild, humid, rainy. Hot Fohn wind.
Topography: foothills of Pyre
:
Water: 1200
Soils: mixture of limestone, sand, clay, and stones
Hazards: fungus. Frost.
Grapes: petite Manseng, gros manseng
Trellising: trained high to avoid frost. Big canopies to increase sugar.
Management options:
Harvest: multiple passes
Mechanization: hand
Pruning:
Key Winemaking: whites
101
Growing environment jura
Climate: cool continental, rainy
Topography: jura mountains
Sun: good
Water:
Soils: clay, marl, some limestone
Hazards: frost. Excessive, untimely rain. Weeds, fungus, hail.
Grapes: Chardonnay, Savagnin, Poulsard (red)
Trellising: high trained, replacement cane, VSP
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization: Yes, unless too steep
Pruning:
Key Winemaking: whites, vin jaune
102
Growing environment rheinhessen
Climate: cool continental
Topography: protected by mountain ranges. Most mostly valley floor. Flat
Soils: fertile
Grapes: riesling, MT
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking: high volume 
103
Growing environment mosel
Climate: cool continental
Topography: steep
Sun:
Water:
Soils: slates
Hazards:
Grapes: Riesling
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking: known for high-quality and sweet wines. Off dry because high acid from cool climate needs sugar to offset
104
Growing environment rheingau
Climate: cool continental
Climate: humid from river. Warmer
Topography: rhine River is huge here. River Main also. Mountains protect from winds. Variety of slopes
:
Grapes: Riesling
:
Key Winemaking: high quality
105
Growing environment pfalz
Climate: dryer
Topography: between mountains. Vosges rain shadow. Steep slopes.
Soils: variety
Hazards: drought
Grapes: Riesling , MT
106
Growing environment Baden
Climate: warmest region. Dry. Sunny
Topography: Vosges rain shadow. Steep slopes.
Soils: variety
:
Grapes: pinot noir
107
Growing environment franken
Climate: continental. Short growing season.
Topography: river Main
Hazards: frost
Grapes: MT. Known for Silvaner
108
Growing environment niederosterreich
Climate:
Kremstal: influenced by warm Pannonian to the east
Kamptal: river. Large diurnal (warm plain, cooling bohemian massif)
Topography:
Wachau: Danube, steep stone terraces
Water:
Wachau: 460
Soils:
Wachau: gneiss, loess
Grapes:
Wachau: Riesling , GV
Kremstal: GV, riesling, zweigelt
Kamptal: GV, zweigelt, Riesling
Weinvertal: GV
109
Growing environment burgenland
Climate: flattest warmest.
Neusiedlersee: Lake. Flat warm and humid.
Mittleburgenland: Pannonian
Grapes:
Neusiedlersee: welschriesling (sweet)
Mittleburgenland: blaufrankisch
110
Growing environment steiermark
Climate: cool continental
Topography: steep hills
Hazards: freeze. Hail. Frost.
Grapes: Sauvignon Blanc, WelshRiesling, Pinot Blanc
111
Growing environment Tokaj
Climate: moderate continental. Sheltered from cold northern winds by mountains.
Topography: foothills of Zemplin Mountains. Slopes.
Sun: 1400 to 15:00 during the growing season
Water: 550. No irrigation.
Soils: volcanic. Roots can go deep.
Hazards: mildew, wild boar, birds
Grapes: Furmint, Harslevelu, sarga muskotaly (muscat a petits grains)
Trellising: replacement cane or cordon, VSP. Densities average 4,500 vines per hectare.
Mechanization: little mechanization. Hand harvest required for selection of aszu berries
Key Winemaking: sweet ageable wines
112
Growing environment, Macedonia
Climate: continental, mountains. Plains, Mediterranean
Topography: mountains to plains
:
Water: 650 mountains. Plains less due to rain shadow
Soils: plains fertile, high volume
Grapes: xinomavro
:
Key Winemaking: mostly red
113
Growing environment, Peleponnese
Climate: mediterranean moderated by Altitude
Topography: mountainous
:
Soils: poor rocky soils
::
Key Winemaking: whites excluding Nimia, which is 100% agiorgitiko
114
Growing environment, Santorini
Climate: strong winds. Hot.
Topography: volcano
Water: dry
Soils: volcanic
Hazards: droughts, wind
Grapes: assyrtiko (white)
Trellising: basket on the ground
Key Winemaking: dry and sweet whites
115
Growing environment, trentino
Climate: moderate continental
Topography: foothills of Alps. Lake Garda.
Grapes: Pinot Grigio, Chardonnay, MT
Mechanization: both. Hand on steeps.
:
Key Winemaking: whites
116
Growing environment alto adige
Climate: mild Alpine continental. Many sunny days. Diurnal.
Topography: mountains, altitude
Soils: varied. Volcanic, quartz and mica, dolomitic limestone.
Hazards: rain at harvest
Grapes: pinot Grigio, Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc, schiava (red)
Trellising: pergola or guyot.
Mechanization: both. Hand on steeps.
Pruning: leaf picking
Key Winemaking:
117
Growing environment friuli
Climate: warm maritime. Adriatic. Cooling from Alps.
Topography: planes or low hills
Water: high rainfall
Hazards: fungus
Grapes: pinot Grigio, Glera
:
Key Winemaking: white, sparkling, orange wine
118
Growing environment veneto
Climate: moderate continental
Topography: Lake Garda, Alps, Po, Delta
Water: moderate
Soils: fertile
Hazards: disease, rot, Esca
Grapes: glera, pinot Grigio, garganega (white), corvina
:
Key Winemaking: Soave,garganega. Valpolicella, corvina, rondinella, molinara. Both areas do apassimento
119
Growing environment Piemonte
Climate: moderate continental
Topography: Alps and Apennines protect
Hazards: frost, hail, late harvest rain (which is an issue for Nebbiolo)
Grapes: Barbera, moscato, Nebbiolo, dolcetto, cortese
:
Key Winemaking: barolo, barbaresco
120
Growing environment, Tuscany 
Climate:
Topography:
Sun:
Water:
Soils:
Hazards:
Grapes:
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
121
Growing environment, Chianti
Climate: warm Mediterranean. Long growing season.
Topography: rolling Hills to Valley floors and flatlands. Altitude inland cools.
Water: adequate
Soils: varied
Hazards: spring frost, hail, rain during harvest, summer drought, prolonged high temperatures
Grapes: choice of varietals. SG, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and local varieties. Predominantly SG 70 to 100%, blending is allowed. 10% white grapes allowed but rare. High yields, 63
Trellising: VSP, cordon or cane
Management options: water: some irrigation. Canopy: managed to ensure open for sun and airflow. SG is vigorous, needs frequent trimming to avoid shading.
Mechanization: yes
Pruning: cluster thinning, green harvesting
Key Winemaking: maceration on skins for 7 to 10 days. Warm ferment in oak or steel or concrete. Pump over. MLC. No post ferment soak. Maturation in steel or large oak. Released March after vintage, short maturation. Lees. Fine, filter. Bottle, sell.
122
Growing environment, Chianti Classico
Climate: warm Mediterranean. Long warm growing season.
Topography: hilly. Higher altitude than other parts of Keyonte. Best south south east slopes. Elevations cool.
Water: adequate
Soils: schist or calcareous soils. Can be rocky.
Grapes: more predominantly SG, 80%, the blending is allowed. Common to be 90% SG. No whites allowed. Max yield 53.
Trellising: VSP, cordon or cane
Management options: water: dry farmed. Canopy: managed to ensure open.
Mechanization: some. Hand on slopes.
Pruning: cluster thinning, green harvesting
Key Winemaking: maceration on the skins more than 15 days. Warm ferment in oak. Pump over. MLC. Post ferment soak. Must hold at least one year before release. Maturation in barrel, new or used oak. Time varies from more than 12 months. Lee’s. Fine and filter. Bottle and age.
123
Growing environment, Marche
Climate: mediterranean
Topography: low Hills rising from coast
Water: adequate
Soils: limestone and clay
:
Grapes: SG, Montepuciano, Verdicchio
Key Winemaking: red 3X whites.
124
Growing environment umbria
Climate: warm, mild continental
Topography: hilly, inland
Water: 800
Hazards: heat stress
Grapes: SG, TT, orvieto (white), Merlot, sagrantino:
Key Winemaking: Orvieto, montefalco sagrantino
125
Growing environment lazio
Climate: Warm Mediterranean cooled by sea breeze
Topography: low hills
Sun:
Water: adequate. Little during summer, reduces fungal risk.
Soils:
Hazards: frost, hail, excessive heat in Sommer, rain during harvest
Grapes: TT, malvasia (white)
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
126
Growing environment Abruzzo
Climate: inland: warm continental. Mountains cool. Coast: warm Mediterranean.
Topography: two zones: Hillside vineyards under Apennine and the flatter coastal zone
Hazards: frost, harvest rain
Grapes: montepulciano (3x), TT, Trebbiano Abruzesse
Trellising: pergola traditional. Moving to cordon trained spur pruned, or guyot.
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization: in coastal high volume
Pruning:
Key Winemaking: white: Trebbiano d’Abruzzo, crisp white with high acidity typically unpacked
Rosé: cerasuolo d’Abruzzo, made from montepulciano, medium to medium+ bodied
Red: montepulciano d’Abruzzo, 2 styles: 1: ripe, medium intensity, red cherry, no oak, medium Body and medium tannin. Short maceration. 2: medium+ to pronounced intensity, red, cherry and black plum with oak and medium+ tannins, long maceration of top quality fruit, followed by aging in oak typically large oak vessels.
127
GRowing environment Campania
Climate: warm Mediterranean
Topography: big hills, 600 m
Sun:
Water:
Soils: limestone and clay for Fiano, Greco, Taurasi. Volcanic and Sandy. Alluvial.
Hazards: frost
Grapes: white - falanghina, Greco, fiano
Red - Aglianico (3x)
128
Growing environment basilicata
Climate: warm Mediterranean, Diurnals. Balkan breezes
Topography: big Hills, 600 m
:
Water: 550
Soils: clay, limestone, and volcanic
:
Grapes: Aglianico (5x). SG, Primitivo
Key Winemaking: bulk, simple. Also very good Aglianico Del vulture DOC.
129
Growing environment Puglia
Climate: hot Mediterranean. Sea breezes cool.
Water: irrigation allowed
Soils: fertile
Grapes: SG, primiTiVo, NegroAmaro, montepulciano , TT
Trellising: primitivo old bush vines. Cordon or cane w/VSP
Key Winemaking: Bulk
130
Growing environment, Sicily
Climate: warm Mediterranean
Topography: etna volcano
Water: low, irrigation
Grapes: white- catarratto, grillo. Red - Nero d’avola, nerello mascalese
131
Growing environment, Sardinia
Climate: warm Mediterranean. Altitude and sea winds cool
Topography: hilly
Water: low, irrigation needed
Grapes: vermentino, Grenache, carignan
Trellising: bush common. Newer replacement cane with VSP or cordon trained spur pruned.
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
132
Growing environment rais baixas
Climate: maritime
:
Water: 1700
Soils: free draining sand
:
Grapes: Albarino
Trellising: pergola
133
Growing environment bierzo
Climate: continental with maritime influences. Altitude, diurnal.
Topography: mountains protect on three side sides
:
Soils: on the plain/lower slopes: fertile silty loam soils. In the mountains, 500 to 850 m, shallow, poor Slate.
:
Grapes: mencia
Trellising: bush, old vines on mountain slopes
134
Growing environment, Ribera Del Duero
Climate:
Topography: River Duero, 750 to 1000 m, range of altitudes and aspects
:
Water: 500
Soils:
Hazards: spring, autumn frost
Grapes: Tempranillo
Trellising: 50% bush. 25% old vines.
135
Growing environment, Rioja 
Climate: continental with maritime influences. Altitudes
Topography: river Ebro, in a valley. Mountains shelter. Eastern open to the Mediterranean, though far from the coast.
Soils: clay. Alluvial by River.
:
Grapes: Tempranillo, macabeo
Key Winemaking: oaked whites.
Regulations for age categories only specify aging requirements, while practices in the vineyard and winery that affect quality are not stipulated. This means that even though two producers gran reserva wines will have been aged in barriques for a minimum of two years and in bottle for a further three years, they can be very different in style, quality, and price because of other factors.
136
Growing environment, Navarra
Climate:
Large DO. Many climactic influences: Atlantic, Mediterranean, Pyrenees.
137
Growing environment, Catalunya 
Climate: warm Mediterranean
Water: 500. Irrigation possible with approval.
Soils: loamy with some calcareous components
:
Grapes: xarel-lo, macabeo, parellada
Trellising: lots of trellis, but also lots of bush vines
Key Winemaking: 80% white. Cava.
138
Growing environment Priorat 
Climate: warm continental.
Topography: mountains in north and south protect. Diurnal. Rugged. River Siurana. Slopes range 5 to 60 degrees
:
Water: 550
Soils: poor, stony, Slate with Mica
Hazards: frost
Grapes: Grenache, carignan
Trellising: lots of bush vines
Mechanization: hand, slopes 
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
139
Growing environment
Valencia
Climate: warm Mediterranean. Cooled by the coast or altitude, 1100 to 200 m.
Water: 450. Irrigated.
Grapes: Alicante Bouschet, Tempranillo , CS, Mourvèdre. Moscatel
Trellising: low density, bush vines. Some trellis with VSP.
Key Winemaking: bulk
140
Growing environment, Alicante 
Climate: mediterranean
:
Water: 250
Grapes: Mourvèdre

Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
141
Growing environment jumilla
Climate: warm continental. Altitudes 400 to 800 m. Diurnal.
Topography: flat plains
:
Water: 275
Soils: water retaining. Helps prevent irrigation.
:
Grapes: Mourvèdre
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
142
Growing environment, La Mancha

Climate: continental. Extremely hot summers.
Topography: meseta, 500 to 700m
:
Water: 350. Irrigation common.
Soils: limestone, chalk
Hazards:
Grapes: Airen (brandy), Tempranillo
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
143
Growing environment valdepenas
Climate: continental
Topography:
Sun:
Water:
Soils:
Hazards:
Grapes: Tempranillo
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
144
Growing environment, Basque 
Climate: moderate maritime
Topography:
Sun:
Water: 1600
Soils:
Hazards:
Grapes: hondarrabi zuri
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
145
Growing environment vinho verde
Climate: moderate maritime
Topography: river valleys, Atlantic, Hills
:
Water: 1500
Soils: infertile. Granite bedrock with shallow topsoil of decomposed granite with a sandy texture, good drainage.
Hazards: fungus. Rot.
Grapes: loureira, Albariño, arinto
Trellising: single or double guyot with VSP or Lyre. Trained high for airflow.
Pruning: leaf and shoot removal. Green harvesting.
Key Winemaking: high volume may source from across the region and a blend of varieties, Albariño led. Protective, cool ferment in steel. Bottled for release soon after ferment. CO2 added at bottling for light spritz. Low alcohol, medium+ to high acid with apple, citrus or peach flavors. some have a small amount of residual sugar. Good. Made by co-ops.
146
Growing environment duoro
Climate: westernmost, Atlantic. Baixo Corgo is the coolest and wettest region (900mm). Cima Corgo is Warmer and drier (700). Douro Superior is hot and arid (450).
Topography: duoro River and tributaries. Hillsides.
:
Water: irrigation regulated
Soils: schist
:
Grapes:Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Tinta Roriz, Tinta Barroca, Tinta Cao
Key Winemaking: blends.
The grapes are usually destemed as the High tannins in many Duoro varieties mean additional tannin rarely needed - do not risk unripe, green flavors. Fermentation In steel at relatively low temps for reds (24 to 28°C) to allow control of tannin extraction. Wines for early drinking may be pressed off the skins once fermentation is complete. Post fermentation maceration can be carried out on wines for longer aging to further extract and soften tannins. maturation traditionally took place in large Portuguese oak, now French Barriques
147
Growing environment dao
Climate: mediterranean. High diurnal.
Topography: mountains protect. Pine and eucalyptus forests. Hills, mountains, valleys.
:
Water: 1600 falling in the fall and winter
Soils: weathered granite
Hazards: summer hail. Spring frost. Water stress during ripening.
Grapes: mencia, Touriga Nacional, Tempranillo, Alfrocheiro, often blended. White: encruzado
Trellising: double or single Guyot, replacement cane pruned, or cordon trained with VSP trellising
Key Winemaking: 80% red
148
Growing environment barriada Portugal
Climate: maritime
Water: 1,000
Soils: fertile alluvial soils from River estuaries. Limestone clay slopes.
Hazards: harvest rain
Grapes: Baga. White - maria Gomes, bical, Arinto cercial
Trellising: guyot w/vsp. Traditionally used high, trained bush vines. 
Key Winemaking: 67% red wines 
149
Growing environment alentejo portugal
Climate: Mediterranean
Topography: planes, gentle slope
Sun:
Water: 500 (S) to 800mm (N), irrigation common
Soils: mix
Hazards:
Grapes: Tempranillo , Alicante Bouschet, Trincadeira. White - roupeiro
Trellising: double cordon w/vsp
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking: blends. 75% reds
150
Growing environment, Alexander Valley 
Climate: warm Mediterranean
Topography: Pacific, Petaluma Gap, Russian River valley breezes, mayacamus
Sun:
Water: 800. Mostly winter
Soils: mix
Hazards:
Grapes: CS
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
151
Growing environment dry creek
Climate:
Topography: narrow Valley
Sun:
Water:
Soils:
Hazards:
Grapes: Zinfandel, Sauvignon Blanc
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
152
Growing environment, Carneros
Climate: cool to moderate Mediterranean
Topography: San Pablo Bay – cold winds, fog.
Grapes: pinot Noir, Chardonnay
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
153
Growing environment, Napa Valley floor
Most southern, coolest: Carneros, Coombsville, Oak Knoll.
Yountville, Stags’ Leap, Oakville, Rutherford.
Most northern, warmest: Saint Helena, Calistoga.
Climate:
Topography: Mayacamus mountains shelter from Pacific Ocean. Vaca Mountains protect from the hot Central Valley. Open to San Pablo Bay in the south.
:
Water: irrigated
:
Hazards: frost
Grapes:
Trellising: cordon or replacement spur with VSP
Mechanization: yes
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
154
Growing environment, Napa mountains
Coolest: Mount Veeder. Atlas peak. Warmest: Howell Mountain. Moderate: Spring mountain, diamond Mountain.
Climate:
Topography: West facing vineyards, on the east side, are exposed to intense afternoon, sun, giving higher alcohol, alcohols, and riper fruit
Water: irrigated
Soils:
Hazards:
Grapes:
Trellising: cordon or replacement spur with VSP
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization: slopes are difficult 
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
155
Growing environment, Santa Cruz 
Climate:
Topography: coast range, altitude 800 m
Water:
Soils:
Hazards:
Grapes: Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
156
Growing environment, Paso Robles
Climate:
Topography: rolling Hills to mountains, 670 m. Pacific. Templeton gap cools.
Soils: calcareous which is not common in California
Hazards:
Grapes: Cabernet Sauvignon. Merlot, Syrah , Zinfandel. 
157
Growing environment, Santa Barbara 
Climate: cool
Topography: transverse ranges. Pacific.
Sun:
Water:
Soils:
Hazards:
Grapes: Pinot Noir, Chardonnay
Trellising:
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization:
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
158
Growing environment, Lodi
Climate: hot Mediterranean cooled by winds off San Francisco Bay and Sacramento Delta
Topography: flat. Inland
Sun: very
Water: low rainfall irrigation needed
Soils: fertile, free, draining, sand, and clay, loam soils 
Hazards: drought, heat stress
Grapes: Cabernet, Zinfandel some old vine, lots of varieties
Trellising: cordon w/VSP. Some bush vines. Replacement Kane requires skilled labor and is more expensive.
Management options: irrigation
Harvest:
Mechanization: widely used
Pruning:
Key Winemaking: bulk
159
German terms
Bereich- wine producing district
Landwein- PGI in Germany
Anbaugebiete - designated quality wine region
Einzellage - individual vineyard site Qualitatswein - PDO category. Grapes must come exclusively from one of 13 Anbaugebiete, the name of which must appear on the label
Grosslage - collective vineyard site
Deutscher wein - wine without G.I. made exclusively from grapes grown in Germany
Pradikatswein - PDO category grapes must come exclusively from a Bereich. The anbaugebiete must appear on the label

160
Four categories of German VDP wine
VDP Gutswein - regional wines, generic
VDP Ortswein - village wines
VDP Erste Lage - 1st class vineyards with distinctive characteristics, premier cru
VDP Grosse Lage - grand cru, best parcels in best vineyards
161
German region summary
Rheinhessen - largest region in terms of production, major majority of vineyards are planted on warm, fertile Valley floors, which are ideal for the production of high-volume inexpensive wines.
Pflaz - unusual region not centered along the river Valley, rain shadow of Haardt mountains, make this the driest German wine region
Baden - rain shadow of Vosges mountains and relatively southern latitude make it one of Germany’s warmest, sunniest and driest regions
Wurttemberg - near Stuttgart the region produces mainly light fruity reds, which are mostly consumed on the domestic market
Mosel - famous for some of the world‘s greatest Riesling, best vineyards are on steep south facing slopes overlooking the river, which enjoy the best sun exposure
Franken - furthest east the region has the most continental climate. The most planted variety is MT. Known for Silvaner
Nahe - situated between Mosel and Rheinhessen, as it is slightly warmer, Riesling from this region, have slightly lower levels of acidity, but ripper fruit and more body than those from Mosel, though less so than those from Rheingau and Rheinhessen
Rheingau - small but highly prestigious region producing some of the highest quality and most age worthy Riesling, on the North Bank of a river, it’s south facing vineyards are protected from cold, northerly winds by the western end of the Taunus mountains
Ahr- one of Germany’s smallest regions and one of its most northerly, black grape varieties dominate, and are able to ripen due to a narrow, sheltered valley with steep south facing slopes, and the soil is dominated by heat, retaining, dark slate
162
Central Italy denominations
Maremma Toscana - large denomination encompassing the province of Grosseto adjacent to the coast of southern Tuscany allows a wide range of varieties of local and international
Brunello de Montalcino - located in Southern Tuscany, where Vineyards in the longest established area just south of the town are more than 500m above sea level. while the majority of the denomination is hilly other parts are much lower
Chianti DOCG – and large area that covers much of central Tuscany, wines may be bottled with this denomination or with the name of a sub zone as appropriate
Chianti Rufina DOCG – a small zone of a broader denomination cooled by winds descending from a pass in the Apennines to the north, this results in wines of high acidity and more restrained fruit
Chianti Colli Senesi DOCG - largest of the broader denominations subzones and generally warmer than the others. produces fuller, bodied and richer wines
Chianti Classico DOCG – the hilly area between Florence and sienna, with the best wines typically coming from 200 to 500m above sea level. elevation contributes to cool nights, lengthening the growing season and promoting full ripeness and high acidity
Vino Noble de Montano DOCG – is located in southeastern Tuscany between Montalcino and the border with Umbria, vineyards are planted on east and south east facing slopes at elevations of 250 to 600m with the higher vineyards producing more aromatic wines due to a longer ripening season
Bolgheri DOC - a compact, densely planted denomination on the Tuscan coast, specializing in red Bordeaux blends. Warm climate, with cool nights due to the areas proximity to the sea, leads to fully ripe grapes.
163
Vin Santo (Italy)
Amber colored sweet wine made by appassimento method
Most often made from a blend of Trebbiano Toscano and malvasia
The wines are aged in barrels, 2 to 3 years, often more, they are not topped up. They have a complex pallet of dried fruit, nutty notes, and high acidity with medium+ to high alcohol.
164
Central Italy, white varietals
Details
Verdicchio – is known for medium- aromatic intensity with blossom, apple, lemon, fennel and almond notes with a slightly bitter, finish high acidity and a medium body.
Pecorino – tends to be high in alcohol due to its low productivity, but can be balanced by the grapes natural high acidity. The wines have herbal notes, (sage, thyme, mint), with crisp apple and pear fruit, and are medium bodied.
Grechetto – is a white thick skinned variety with resistance to fungal disease. Its wines have low to medium intensity lemon and white flower aromas, with high acidity, and a medium body.
Trebbiano Toscano - orvieto DOC must be a minimum of 60% of this grape and or Grechetto. Better quality wines are likely to include more grechetto for more flavor intensity.
Malvasia del Lazio - was historically the dominant grape in Frascati DOC. Today it may be made from this grape or malvasia Bianca, provided these two varieties singly or together make up at least 70% of the wine.
165
What does petite Verdot contribute? 
Deep color, power and body, spice notes, high tannin
166
What does Cabernet franc contribute?
Red fruit, high acid, medium Tannins
167
Rioja zones
Rioja Oriental - warmest driest In N section near River Ebro at low altitude. Southern part has higher altitude 500-1,000m
Rioja Alta - continental with some maritime influences. Largest zone, predominantly S of River Ebro
Rioja Alavesa - relatively cool + wet, smallest zone. N of River Ebro
168
Rioja varietals and their contribution
Graciano - high acid, tannin. Black fruit
Tempranillo - raspberry, black plum, medium to medium + tannins and acid
Maturana Tinta - deep purple, high acid, cranberry, blackberry
Mazuelo - high acid (Carignen)
Grenache - ripe strawberry, lower tannin, fuller body
169
Oregon Valley AVAs
Willamette Valley - bordered on the west by the coast range mountains. The valley is one of the coolest and wettest areas in Oregon, but still benefits from warm dry summers with long hours of Sunshine. Oregon’s largest AVA
Umpqua valley - sits at the confluence of three mountain ranges, the coast range, the cascade range and the Klamath mountains. The northern area is relatively cool for southern Oregon due to its northerly location and cool afternoon breezes. Produces Pinot Noir and white varieties. The warmer southern area produces Syrah, Merlot and Tempranillo
Rogue Valley - closest to California and has the warmest and driest conditions. Produces a range of black grapes. Cooling influences can come from Altitude 250 to 950m provided by the Klamath mountains and cascade range. Cool afternoon breezes drawn in from the pacific.
170
Growing environment Cahors
Climate: warmer, drier vs Bordeaux, Atlantic influence
Topography: river Lot
:
Water: 800
Soils: rich alluvial, limestone higher altitudes
:
Grapes: Malbec
Trellising: single guyot, some cordon
Management options:
Harvest:
Mechanization: yes
Pruning:
Key Winemaking:
171
Growing environment, Germany
Climate: cool continental 50N
Topography: rhine River. Steep slopes. Mountain ranges protect.
Water: 500-800
Soils: variety. Pockets of calcareous
Hazards: frost. Summer rain
Grape: Riesling, PN, MT, PG
Trellising: single or double guyot, VSP. Also arched canes.
Management options: canopy management key to avoid rot, fungus. Spray. By helicopter in Mosel.
Mechanization: hand is widespread due to slopes and laws. Some mechanization in high volume areas. 
172
Growing environment, Austria
Climate: cool continental.
North influenced by cool northern winds.
South influenced by Adriatic.
East Pannonian plain warmer.
West: Mountains cool, Danube.
Topography: mountains. Pannonian plain. Danube
Water: 450 to 850. Some irrigation needed in places.
Soils: two kinds: thin soils over rock: granite, gneiss, crystalline bedrock. Or richer loess
Hazards: frost. Occasional low rainfall.
Grapes: gruner veltliner, zweiglet, welschriesling, blaufrankish, Riesling
Trellising: single or double guyot, VSP
Mechanization: flatlands = machine. Near the Danube, steep slope = hand.
173
Growing environment Greece
Climate: Mediterranean. Inland colder. Islands hot dry windy.
Topography: mountainous
Sun: lots.
Water: arid
Soils: wide range
Grapes: roditis (restina), savatiano (restina), agiorgitiko (red), assyrtiko, xinomavro (red)
Trellising: Corden trained with VSP
Mechanization: mostly hand. Tiny plots. Difficult to train.
174
Growing environment, Tuscany
Climate: warm Mediterranean,
Soils: limestone, and clay
Hazards: frost, hail, rain during the harvest. Sometimes drought. Prolonged heat, which shuts down the vine. Esca, rot, boar.
Grapes: SG (7X), Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, TT, Vermentino
Trellising: cordon’s pruned to spurs or cane pruned with VSP
175
Growing environment, Spain
Climate: three distinct climate. Northwest: maritime, Atlantic. North north east: continental to Mediterranean, mountains, shelter. Central: Mesita, Continental, Altitude moderates.
Low rain fall
Tempranillo (4x), Airen (4x), Grenache, Macabeo, Mourvèdre
Low density bush vines are still common
176
Growing environment, Russian river Valley
Climate: moderate to warm Mediterranean
Topography: flat to Hailey:
Soils: free draining.
Grapes: Pinot Noir, Chardonnay
177
Growing environment, California
Climate: Mediterranean,
Topography: Pacific. mountains – altitudes, aspects. fog
Water: somewhat dry.
Grapes: Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay. Pinot Noir, Zinfandel, Merlot.
178
Growing environment, Oregon
Climate: cool to moderate. 42 to 46° north. Cold ocean currents, winds from the Pacific. Long daylight hours in summer
Sun: long Sun hours
Water: high rainfall, mainly winter. Summers, dry
Soil: free draining marine sedimentary, volcanic, and loess soils.
Grapes: Pinot Noir 5X, PG, Chardonnay
179
Growing environment, Willamette
Climate: cool, wet. Diurnal
Topography: coast mountains with some protection from Pacific
Sun: long Sun hours
Water: 1000, only 200 from April to September
Soils: diverse
Hazards: lots of sustainable practices, wind and dry summers help.
Grapes: Pinot Noir, PG, Chardonnay 
180
Growing environment, Washington state
Climate: warm, sunny, dry conditions, cold nights. 45 to 48° north
Grapes: Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Riesling. 
181
Columbia Valley growing environment
Climate: continental. Diurnal
Topography: sheltered by cascade Range, creates arid valley.
Water: 200. Irrigated
Soil: free draining, low nutrient. Complex soils of salt, bedrock with sand, salty loess, and alluvial topsoil.
Grapes: Cabernet, Chardonnay, riesling 
182
Growing environment, finger lakes, New York
Climate: continental
Topography: lakes, make growing possible. Slopes around lakes, enable cold air to drain towards the water. As it reaches the lake, the air warms and rises, creating a vacuum that draws more cold air off the land. Lake affect snow, insulates vines. Warming influence in fall, enabling the grapes to ripen over a longer period and reducing the risk of autumn frost. Spring, cool air from the lake, delays bud Burst, reducing spring frost risk.
Water: adequate
Soil: fertile
Grapes: riesling, Chardonnay, Cabernet Franc. Vidal
Trellising: large Vines, Scot, Henry. 
183
Growing environment, Long Island
Climate: maritime. Long growing season
Topography: flat
Soils: free draining, low nutrient
Hazards: fungus.
Grapes: Merlot, Cabernet, Cabernet franc, Sauvignon, Blanc, Chardonnay
Trellising: VSP.
184
Growing environment, Hudson River
Climate: continental
Soils: glacial deposits of shale, slate, schist, and limestone
Hazards: Frost. Freeze.
Grapes: Vidal, riesling, Chardonnay, Cabernet Franc
185
Growing environment, Canada
Climate: extreme continental. 41 to 51° north
Topography: near lakes
Sun: long Sun hours
Hazards: fungus, drought, especially BC
Grapes: Vidal, hybrids
Trellising: VSP
Management options: short growing season. 
186
Growing environment, Ontario
topography: near Great Lakes
Soils: mix
Grapes: Vidal. Riesling, Chardonnay. CF, Merlot
Pruning: Prince Edward, most northern, buries the vines.
Key winemaking: ice wine.
187
Growing environment okanagan
Climate: 48 to 51° north. Diurnal. N: Cool, one of the most northerly wine producing areas in the world.
S: hot desert conditions in south.
Topography: mountains protect. Chain of lakes
Sun: long sun hours
Water: irrigated
Soils: glacial deposits
Hazards: short growing season. Frost.
Grapes: Merlot, Pinot Noir, PG, Chardonnay, Cabernet, Cabernet Franc
188
Growing environment chili
Climate: 30 to 38° south. Warm Mediterranean. Humboldt current from Antarctica. Fog. Diurnal
Topography: add, desert to the north, the Andes to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the glaciers of Patagonia to the south
Sun: intense
Water: north dry, 80 mm. South water 1200. Irrigation common
Soils: fertile alluvial. Slope gravel. Mountains granite.
Hazards: fungus on the coast. Droughts. Fires.
Grapes: Cabernet Sauvignon 3X, Sauvignon, Blanc, Merlot, Carmenere, pais
Mechanization: growing, but still small.
189
Growing environment, Coquimbo (elqui, limari, choapa)
Climate: cooled by Humboldt, fog and morning breezes. Diurnal
Topography: edge of the atacoma desert. Rivers. Mountains, coastal and Andes. High altitude 2200 m
Water: irrigation required.
Grapes: Syrah , Sauvignon, Blanc, Chardonnay.
190
Growing environment, Aconcagua, (Aconcagua, San Antonio, casablanca)
Climate: high range. Central Aconcagua Valley is hot and dry versus Pacific coast some of Chile’s coldest. High diurnals
Water: 250, irrigated.
Grapes: Sauvignon, Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir in cool areas. Cabernet, Merlot in warmer. 
191
Growing environment, Central Valley chili
Climate: warm
Topography: sheltered by coastal ranges. Fertile plains in valley. Better quality on edges/slopes.
Grapes: Cabernet, Carmenere, Syrah
Key Winemaking: high volume. 
192
Growing environment, southern (ITata, bio bio, Malleco)
Climate: cooler wetter
Sun: long sun hours
Water: 1000+
Hazards: fungus
Grapes:
Itata: old bush Muscat, Pais
Bio: Pinot Noir, Chardonnay.
Malleco: Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Noir 
193
Growing environment, Argentina
Climate: Continental
Topography: rain shadow of Andes. Zonda wind.
Water: dry. Flood irrigation
soils: alluvial
Grapes: Malbec, pink criolla, Bornarda, Cabernet, Torontes
Trellising: pergola. VSP is growing
Mechanization: growing. Labor becoming harder.
194
Growing environment, La Rioja Argentina
Grapes: Torrontes, Cabernet, Malbec, Syrah
Key Wine making: high volume
195
Growing environment, San Juan
Topography: 600 to 1500 m. Higher sites better
Grapes: Syrah. Malbec, Bornarda. 
196
Growing environment, Mendoza
Topography: rivers, Altitude. 500 to 1500 m.
Grapes: Malbec
Key winemaking: red: 55%, pink: 25%, whites: 20%.
North and East Mendoza: River Valley. High volume
Central Mendoza: longest producing quality region. 600 to 1100 m.
Lujan de Cuyo Mendoza: 900 to 1100 m. Malbec. Old Vines.
Maipu: old Vines
Uco Valley: highest vineyards in Mendoza. High altitude and latitude is cooler temps and big diurnal. High quality area. Malbec. Irrigation common.
Southern Mendoza: cooler. Summer hail storms.
197
Growing environments Salta
Climate: closest to equator but high altitude, 1500 to 3000 m. Diurnal.
Topography: Calchaqui River. Mountain mountains surround Valley. Zonda wind.
Sun: intense.
Grapes: Malbec. Cabernet, Bernardo, Syrah. White: Torontes
198
GRowing environment cape south coast
Climate:
Elgin: cooler.
Topography: Atlantic influences
Elgin: inland plateau 200 to 400 m. Altitude, ocean breezes.
Walker Bay: on Atlantic, rising to mountains.
Sun:
Elgin: Cloud cover.
Water:
Elgin: 1000
Soil:
walker Bay: Clay, Good water holding
Hazards:
Elgin: fungus.
Grapes: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir
Elgin: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling, Pinot Noir, Merlot, Shiraz
Walker Bay: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir
Trellising:
Elgin: slow growing season.
Walker Bay: cover crops for evaporation
Key Winemaking: high-quality
Elgin: sweet botrytised. Elegant, higher acid.
199
Growing environment, Patagonia
Climate: higher latitude means temperatures relatively low, sunlight, less intense, growing season longer.
Topography: winds
Water: 200. Irrigation required.
Hazards: Wind
Grapes: Pinot Noir, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Semillon, Chardonnay.
200
Growing environment, South Africa
Climate: 32 to 35° south. Warm Mediterranean
Topography: Cape Dr wind. Benguela current. Mountains
Soil: mostly acid, requires lime.
Three types:
table mountain sandstone: Sandy, low nutrient, and water retention properties. Irrigation and fertilization.
Granite: foothill, hilly areas. Good water retention, potential for dry farming.
Shale: good nutrients, good water retention, potential for dry farming.
Hazards: viral issues. Drought. Some fungus.
Grapes: big six: Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay; Pinotage, Shiraz, Cabernet.
Most grown: Chenin, Columbard, Cabernet, Sauvignon Blanc, Shiraz, Pinotage.
Trellising: vine density is typically low with larger vines. Cordon with VSP.
201
Growing environment, Olifants river
Climate: very dry, warm.
Topography: altitude, Atlantic breezes cool.
Water: irrigation required, less than 200
Key winemaking: Brandy
202
Growing environment, coastal, South Africa
Climate:
Cape Town: windy
Stellenbosch: warm
Swartland: warm, dry.
Topography:
Cape Town: false Bay, Hills.
Stellenbosch: Hilley, false Bay.
Paarl: Berg River.
Water:
Cape Town: 1000
Stellenbosch: 750
Pearl: 850
Swartland: 500
Soil:
Cape Town: granite
Swartland: low fertility granite, shale.
Grapes:
Cape Town: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Cabernet, Shiraz
Stellenbosch: Cabernet. Merlot, Pinotage. Sauvignon Blanc, Chenin, Chardonnay.
Key winemaking:
Cape Town: Constancia
203
Growing environment breede river
Climate: warm, dry, irrigated
Breedekloof: warm, Continental
Robertson: warm.
Water:
Breedekloof: adequate, not requiring irrigation.
Worcester: 400, rain shadow of mountains. Requires irrigation.
Robertson: low, irrigated.
Soil:
Breedekloof: mixed
Worcester: loamy, fertile.
Robertson: some limestone, which is rare in South Africa
Hazards:
Breedekloof: frost. Fungus.
Grapes:
Breedekloof: Chenin, Columbard, Chardonnay. Pinot, Shiraz, Cabernet.
Worcester: Columbard, Chenin. Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc
Robertson: Chardonnay. Columbard, Chenin, Sauvignon Blanc. Shiraz, Cabernet
Key winemaking: distilleries. High volume.
Worcester: Brandy. high volume.
204
Growing environment, Australia
Topography: flattish. Cooling influence of oceans extend inland. Great dividing range
Sun: intense, low latitude.
Soils: issues with soil salinity. Huge variety, old continent.
Hazards: drought. Frost in areas. Winds. Fire. Birds. Kangaroos. Fungus is not too bad and lots of sustainability.
Grapes: Shiraz, Chardonnay, Cabernet
Trellising: old Vines. Scott Henry for newer
Mechanization: lots of machine. 
205
Growing environment barossa Valley
Climate: warm
Topography: plane protected on West by low Hills, on east by Eden Valley, on South by Mount lofty ranges/Adelaide Hills
Water: low, irrigated
Soils: complex.
Grapes: Shiraz. Cabernet. Semillon
Trellising: many old Vines
Key Winemaking: Distinctive style of Semillon, with higher alcohol, lower acidity and more body than those from Hunter Valley. 
206
Growing environment, Eden Valley
Topography: rolling Hills, not a valley. Wind. Altitude 600 m
Soils: variety, good water holding
Grapes: riesling, Shiraz. 
207
Growing environment, Adelaide Hills
Climate: moderate Mediterranean. High diurnal
Topography: valleys, steep Hillside
Sun: intense, low latitude,
Water: higher rainfall
Hazards: fungus.
Grapes: Sauvignon, Blanc, Chardonnay. Pinot Noir. 
208
Growing environment Clare Valley
Climate: warm, with cold nights high diurnal
Topography: 300 to 500 m Altitude
Grapes: Shiraz, Cabernet. Riesling
Trellising: careful shading to avoid sunburn for riesling.
209
Growing environment, McLaren Vale
Climate: warm Mediterranean
Topography: strong maritime influence cools. Golf St. Vincent in the north, southern ocean in the south
Soils: complex.
Grapes: Shiraz, Cabernet
Trellising: some old, bush vine, Shiraz plus Grenache. Shiraz, Grenache can be vigorous
Mechanization: lots, but some hand. 
210
Growing environment, Coonawarra
Climate: cooler Mediterranean, big diurnal
Topography: flat, maritime comes inland - Cooling.
Sun: cloud cover
Water: lower, irrigation common.
Soils: Terra Rosa: free draining iron rich loam over a hard limestone base that roots struggle to penetrate. The soil is slightly alkaline, restricts of nutrients. Reduced vigor.
Grapes: Cabernet, Shiraz. Some Chardonnay
Mechanization: mostly due to Little labor availability
Key winemaking: high-quality reds.
211
Growing environment, Mornington Peninsula
Climate: cool to moderate. Windy
Topography: flat, but for 1 Hill
Soil: red basalt, fertile, water holding
Hazards: Wind
Grapes: Pinot Noir, Chardonnay
Trellising: vigorous. Lyre with VSP. 
212
Hunter Valley growing environment
Climate: hot humid, tropical
Topography: low altitude, Hills
Sun: intense, low latitude. Some Cloud cover.
Water: 750, no mountain protection.
Soil: loams, Clay
Hazards: fungus. Tropical storms.
Grapes: Chardonnay, Semillon, Shiraz,
Key winemaking: known for Semillon: dry, light bodied, High acid, low 10-11% alcohol. Delicate citrus, fairly neutral young. But can age for decades, developing more complex and pronounced aromas of toast, honey, and Hay with bottle age.
213
Tasmania growing environment
Climate: cool maritime. 41 to 43° south
Grapes: Pinot Noir, Chardonnay
Key winemaking: sparkling.
214
Growing environment Margaret River
Climate: maritime
Topography: peninsula surrounded by Indian and southern oceans. Keeps nights warmer. Flat
Water: 1000, but mostly in winter.
Soil: gravel, free, drain, infertile. Irrigation needed.
Grapes: Simeon, Sauvignon Blanc, CS. Chardonnay premium
215
Growing environment, Murray- Darling
Climate: hot Continental
216
Growing environment, New Zealand
Climate: maritime, accepting central Otago. 36 to 46° south. Large diurnal range. Humid.
Topography: cool Pacific moderates
Sun: high UV radiation, long hours of sunlight.
Water: high rainfall. Still some irrigation due to winds.
Soil: fertile, free draining
Hazard: fungus. Birds. Winds.
Grapes: Sauvignon Blanc 5X, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, PG
Trellising: canopy management key to controlling vigor and sunburn. Double guyot with VSP. Some Scott Henry
Management options: sustainability, huge
Mechanization: common.
217
Growing environment, Gisborne
Climate: moderate maritime. Warming breezes from the north
Topography: flat fertile plane
Sun: long hours
Water: 1000
Soil: fertile clay, loam and silt.
Hazards: harvest rain.
Grapes: Chardonnay. 
218
Growing environment Hawkes Bay
Climate: moderate maritime
Soil: gravel, alluvial.
Grapes: Merlot
Key Winemaking: Bordeaux blends
219
Growing environment Wairarapa
Climate: cool maritime. Big diurnal. Winds
Soil: free draining alluvial, gravel, terraces with silt, loam, and loess. cooling soils lengthen growing season.
Grapes: Pinot Noir, Sauvignon Blanc. 
220
Growing environment, Nelson
Climate: cool maritime.
Sun: long hours.
Water: 970. Heavy, sudden storms.
Grapes: Sauvignon Blanc. Pinot Noir
Key winemaking: small scale production.
221
Growing environment, Marlborough
Climate: cool maritime. Big diurnal. Dry
Topography: flat. Protected by mountains, southern Alps
Sun: long hours, hole in ozone
Water: 650
Soils: free draining alluvial, needs irrigation.
Grapes: Sauvignon Blanc,
Trellising: long growing season due to dryness
Mechanization: common. Enhances Sauvignon Blanc flavors. 
222
Growing environment, Canterbury
Topography: flat, open plain facing the Pacific. Rain shadow of southern Alps
Water: 650. Winds evaporate needing irrigation.
Hazards: frost. Wind.
Grapes: Pinot Noir, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc.
223
Growing environment, central Otago
Climate: 46° south, one of the most southern regions in the world. Semi Continental. High diagonal
Topography: sheltered from ocean influence by mountains on all sides. Most greater than 300 m
Sun: long hours, high UV
Water: 360
Soil: varied
Hazard: frost.
Grapes: Pinot Noir
Trellising: canopy management key to control, bigger and sunburn.
224
Growing environment, China
Climate: continental. Vine burial common. Widely buried between regions.
Water: arid with heavy summer rains.
Hazard: leaf roll virus. Cold
Grapes: Cabernet. Merlot, carbon
Trellising: multi Cordon fan, single dragon, Chang system. Chang is a spur, prune system with trunk trained in bended form, allowing for easier burial with unified fruiting zone.
Management: dense canopies, extensive use of irrigation and excessive use of fertilization can be issues contributing to poor fruit quality. Government owned and managed
