Ex 3 Lecture: vasculature and thermodynamics

Question 1

Which blood vessels carry blood to the tissues?

Answer 1

Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries

Question 2

Which blood vessels carry blood back toward the heart?

Answer 2

Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vena Cava

Question 3

Do arteries or veins have a thicker wall?

Answer 3

arteries

Question 4

Which blood vessel has a smaller lumen?

Answer 4

arteries

Question 5

Do both arteries and veins contain a smooth muscle layer?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

Do capillaries have a smooth muscle layer?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

Answer 7

Tunica intima
Tunic media
Tunic externa

Question 8

What are the components of tunic intima?

Answer 8

endothelium

Question 9

What are the components of tunic media?

Answer 9

smooth muscle, controlled by sympathetic nervous system

Question 10

What are the components of tunic externa?

Answer 10

mostly fibrous connective tissue

Question 11

What are the two types of capillaries?

Answer 11

True capillaries
Vascular shunt

Question 12

Define true capillaries?

Answer 12

directly connects an arteriole to a venule

Question 13

What are the three types of structures for capillaries?

Answer 13

Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 14

Which structure of capillaries has the tightest junction?

Answer 14

continuous

Question 15

Which capillary is the most common?

Answer 15

continuous

Question 16

Where are continuous capillaries located?

Answer 16

skin, muscle, lung, CNS

Question 17

Which vessel has a high pressure conduit?

Answer 17

arteries

Question 18

Which vessel are the gatekeepers to capillaries?

Answer 18

arterioles

Question 19

Where does the biggest gradient in pressure occur?

Answer 19

the capillaries

Question 20

Where are the areas of highest pressure in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 20

left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles

Question 21

How is Ohm’s law applied to the cardiovascular system?

Answer 21

pressure differentials along the vessels allow blood flow

Question 22

What is Ohm’s law?

Answer 22

Q=(change in pressure)/(resistance)

Question 23

What is blood flow directly proportional to?

Answer 23

the pressure difference between two points of the blood vessel

Question 24

What is blood flow inversely proportional to?

Answer 24

vascular resistance

Question 25

Blood flow is equal to what?

Answer 25

volume/time cardiac output (CO)

Question 26

What is cardiac output equal to?

Answer 26

stroke volume x heart rate

Question 27

What is the blood volume distribution on the pulmonary side?

Answer 27

25%

Question 28

What is the blood volume distribution on the systemic side?

Answer 28

75%

Question 29

What is the equation for Flow?

Answer 29

area (cm squared) x velocity (cm/min)

Question 30

What is velocity equal to?

Answer 30

flow/area

Question 31

If flow remains constant, the velocity of blood flow across circulation is inversely related to what?

Answer 31

total cross-sectional area

Question 32

What are the two types of blood flow?

Answer 32

laminar and turbulent

Question 33

What are the properties of laminar blood flow?-

Answer 33

-velocity is constant over time higher velocity in the center little flow near wall increased shear near wall fewer cells toward the wall Parabolic flow profile

Question 34

What are the properties of turbulent blood flow?

Answer 34

disorganized velocity varies "eddy" currents (whorls) increase friction of blood flow increase resistance to flow turbulence occurs with increased flow velocity, obstruction, vessel turn

Question 35

When the critical number exceeds ____ you will see turbulence

Answer 35

2000

Question 36

What do you hear with the first heart sound (s1)?

Answer 36

closure of the atrioventricular valves

Question 37

What do you hear with the second heart sound (s2)

Answer 37

closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

Question 38

What would you (if you could) hear with the third heart sound? (s3)

Answer 38

turbulence associate with rapid ventricular filling

Question 39

What would you hear (if able) with the fourth heart sound?

Answer 39

movement of blood associate with atrial systole

Question 40

Which cardiac valves can you hear on the left side of the thorax and where?

Answer 40

pulmonic, aortic, mitral behind the shoulder and dorsal to the point of the elbow (olecranon)

Question 41

Turbulent blood flow can cause what?

Answer 41

murmers

Question 42

Turbulent blood flow can occur from what?

Answer 42

anemia

Question 43

What happens to the blood during anemia?

Answer 43

blood viscosity drops due to low PCV and hypoproteinemia

Question 44

What 3 factors includence resistance?

Answer 44

viscosity of fluid length of vessel/tube radius of tube

Question 45

What is the equation of Poiseuille's law?

Answer 45

R=8nI/(pi)r^4

Question 46

What is Poiseuille's law calculating?

Answer 46

hemodynamic principles of flow resistance

Question 47

What is resistance directly related to?

Answer 47

viscosity

Question 48

What is resistance inversely related to?

Answer 48

to the fourth power of the tube

Question 49

What has the greatest effect of blood flow and pressure?

Answer 49

width of the vessel

Question 50

Which blood vessel has the greatest compliance?

Answer 50

veins

Question 51

Which blood vessel provides the most resistance to flow?

Answer 51

arterioles

Question 52

What is the equation for vascular compliance?

Answer 52

change in volume/ change in pressure

Question 53

What does vascular compliance mean?

Answer 53

increase in volume/increase in pressure (NOT STIFF)

Question 54

Why do arterioles present the greatest resistance to flow?

Answer 54

diameter

Question 55

What does the presence of smooth muscle do?

Answer 55

regulate the flow of blood and cause the biggest change in arterial pressure due to changes in resistance

Question 56

Describe the characteristics of the venous "pump"?

Answer 56

1 way valves action of surrounding tissues

Question 57

What are the blood storage areas?

Answer 57

veins expand at low pressure spleen

Question 58

As wall thickness increases

Answer 58

lumen decreases, vessel less compliant, resistance to blood flow increases

Question 59

What are three characteristics of arterioles?

Answer 59

strong muscular walls greatest increase in vascular resistance acts as control valves for flow to tissue

Question 60

When can you hear audible vibrations (murmurs)?

Answer 60

over 2000

Question 61

What factors promote turbulence

Answer 61

High flow velocity large vessel diameter decrease in viscosity sudden change in vessel diameter pulsatile flow

Question 62

Which are the most common factors that promote turbulence?

Answer 62

high flow velocity decrease in viscosity

Question 63

What is Reynold's number?

Answer 63

a measure of the tendency for turbulence to occur

Question 64

What is Reynold's number?

Answer 64

(fluid density/fluid viscosity) * (average velocity of fluid) * (tube diameter)

Question 65

Describe the diffusion at capillary beds?

Answer 65

exchange of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide gases, nutrients, and waste products occur due to pressure difference

Question 66

Which capillary structure is the leakiest?

Answer 66

sinusoidal capillaries

Question 67

What are examples continuous capillaries?

Answer 67

skin, muscle, lung, CNS

Question 68

What are examples of fenestrated capillaries?

Answer 68

exocrine glands, renal glomeruli, intestinal mucosa

Question 69

What are examples of sinusoidal capillaries?

Answer 69

liver, spleen, bone marrow

Question 70

How does the venous blood return to heart?

Answer 70

milking action of skeletal muscles

Question 71

How is arterial blood exported throughout the body?

Answer 71

Arterial blood is pumped by the heart

Question 72

What is the smallest type of blood vessel?

Answer 72

capillaries

Question 73

What do capillaries connect?

Answer 73

arterioles to venules

Question 74

Which vessel is only one cell layer thick?

Answer 74

Capillary

Question 75

Do capillaries have a smooth muscle layer?

Answer 75

No

Question 76

Define vascular shunt?

Answer 76

bypass connection of an arteriole to a venule

Question 77

What vessel expands easily at low pressure, have thin walls, and are 1 way valves?

Answer 77

veins

Question 78

What is vascular stiffness? (equation)

Answer 78

1/compliance