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Ex Phys Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the CV responses to hypoxia?

A
  1. Blood volume decreases: plasma volume decreases, respiratory water loss, and increase urine production
  2. Hematocrit increases: Makes blood more viscous
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2
Q

What is the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve and what does it mean?

A

-It’s how saturated the hemoglobin is

-PaO2: pressure of oxygen in the arterials

-SaO2: saturation of oxygen in the hemoglobin

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3
Q

What are the pulmonary responses to hypoxia?

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation Increases: activation of chemoreceptors, respiratory alkaline, and kidneys excrete more bicarbonate - stabilize pH of blood
  2. Gas exchange reduced: decrease in gradient and the partial pressure is going to be less than 60 mmHg
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4
Q

What is a hypobaric environment?

A

high altitude environment which means low overall pressure

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5
Q

What is the significance of the “S Shape” of the oxyhemoglobin curve?

A

-The flat part is important b/c it resembles a protective mechanism

-Provides a variation for values to be between for PaO2, can have a high saturation for oxygen

-If we drop below 60, then we start to see a big drop in saturation for O2

-Chemoreceptors will jump in and ↑ breathing which ↑ saturation

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6
Q

What are the metabolic responses to hypoxia?

A

Increased in metabolic rate: increased in thyroxin and catecholamine concentration

Increased food intake to prevent weight loss

Increase reliance on carbs for energy: carbs can be broken down w/o oxygen

Increased sweat evaporation: increase H20 loss

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7
Q

What are nutritional needs for people at altitude?

A

-Lose of fluids through the skin, respiratory system, and kidneys: increase for dehydration

-Appetite decreases: weight loss over time

-Iron rich foods are recommended: iron deficiency’s may prevent the increase in RBC production

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8
Q

What are totals for air pressure?

A

Nitrogen: 79%

Oxygen: 21%

Carbon Dioxide: 0.03%

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9
Q

What is air temperature?

A

gets colder as we go higher in altitude

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10
Q

What is solar radiation?

A

-increase as we get closer to the Sun

-Easier to get sun-burnt at higher altitude even if it’s cold

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11
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

oxygen deficiency

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12
Q

How does someone acclimatize to high altitude?

A

-6-10 days

-Must train at desired intensity and altitude

-A person can acclimatize to high altitude, but can’t fully compensate for hypoxia

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13
Q

What happens to CV when people acclimatize to high altitude?

A

Max cardiac output ↑ : never reaches sea level values

VO2max ↑ : Goes down and then increases after being in envior., but doesn;t reach sea level values

Resting HR ↓ : higher than sea level values

Max HR ↓ : plateaus lower than sea level value

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14
Q

What happens to Pulmonary when people acclimatize to high altitude?

A

-Increase in ventilation at rest and during exercise

-With time spent in high altitude ventilation is going to decrease within 3-4 days and levels off but still about 40% higher than sea level at rest

-During exercise ventilation is up, but over time it starts to decrease and then levels off, but still 50% higher

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15
Q

What happens metabolically when people acclimatize to high altitude?

A

Blood Adaptations:
- Increase in erythrocytes
-EPO increases within 3 hours- return to baseline within a month
-Polycythemia
-Total blood volume increase 10% after 6 months
-People who live at higher altitude have higher hematocrit: percentage of red blood cells is going to be higher than someone at sea level.Their body is used to it which makes their blood more viscous, so they get the benefits of higher red blood cells

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16
Q

What is Blood Doping?

A

-Athletes take blood out, put it in a freezer and inject before their competition and it’s supposed to input more red blood cells which means you carry more oxygen

-It’s dangerous due to not putting in plasma volume which can lead to blood viscosity

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17
Q

What happens to the Muscle Adaptations when people acclimatize to high altitude?

A

-If not training correctly, we are going to see a muscle cross-sectional area decrease due to loss of appetite and overall weight loss: This negative effect could not happen as pronounced if we are focusing on eating the right things and since our metabolic rate increases which means we have to increase our food intake to balance that out

-If people do a good job balancing their food intake with their increased metabolic rate, there won’t be as much negative effects on the muscle

-Mitochondrial function and glycolytic enzyme activity reduced: Decreased performance

-Capillary density increases: increase gas exchange

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18
Q

How is Blood Doping compared to altitude training?

A

-Altitude training you are not taking blood out and injecting blood back in, but you are putting yourself in an environment where you are going to increase red blood cells

-It’s having the same effect except with altitude training your body gets more plasma volume, so it’s less dangerous bc you don;t see that big increase in viscosity that occurs because of it

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19
Q

What are the physiological responses of different types of sports at altitude?

A

-Endurance:
VO2max decreases as altitude increases
Training at sea level gives advantages

-Anaerobic/ Sprint Exercise:
Minimal demands on oxygen transport system
Generally not impaired; may actually be improved
- Performance might increase bc the air is thinner and therefore air resistance is less

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20
Q

How can you use high altitude as an exercise training stimulus?

A

-There are more benefits of living at high altitude than training

-People who live at sea level and train at high altitude won’t really get a physiological effect, so it’s not really beneficial for them

-If the exercise event is going to be at high altitude it might help them tolerate it better

-If the event is going to be at high altitude, it’s best to either have the event right away before the effects of altitude can impact their body or they should wait the 7 to 10 days of acclimation before they have their event

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21
Q

What is classical altitude training?

A

A person will both live and train at high altitude

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22
Q

What are the advantages of using classical altitude training?

A

-Uses hypoxia as an additional training stimulus

-May cause increase in O2 carrying capacity

-Causes increase in total hemoglobin and RBC mass

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23
Q

What are the disadvantages of using classical altitude training?

A

1.Athletes may become easily over-trained
-Their body has to work harder to exercise at that high capacity with lower oxygen content

2.Athletes will never be able to train at true VO2max and maxHR!

3.All of the CV variables are going to plateau over time at a value that is less than sea level
-So the athlete may only be able to get to 90 to 95% of their max capacity

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24
Q

What is the training method of living high training low?

A

A person will live at high altitude but train at sea level

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25
What are the advantages of using the exercise training method living high training low?
1. Get benefits of altitude 2. Are able to train at true VO2max 3. Living at high altitude increases red blood cells, increases blood volume which increase their oxygen carrying capacity and by training at sea level they are able to train at their true VO2max -Super beneficial for people competing at sea level
26
What are the disadvantages of using the exercise training method living high training low?
If the competition is at high altitude, then the athlete is not going to have that advantage over their opponents because they are not training at high altitude
27
What is acute mountain sickness?
Cause: excessive pulmonary hypertension Signs and Symptoms: headache, mental impairment, inability to sleep, Cheyne Stokes breathing-hyperventilation for a few seconds and then not breathing at all Treatment: O2 administration, decent- going back to sea level Prevention: gradually ascending (300m/day)
28
What are the major male and female sex hormones?
Anterior Pituitary Testosterone Estrogen
29
What does the Anterior Pituitary Gland do?
Stimulates gonads and releases estrogen/progesterone
30
What does testosterone do?
Increases bone formation: larger bones -Increase protein synthesis: more muscle mass -Stimulates EPO: increase red blood cell production
31
What does estrogen do?
1. Broadens pelvis: Females have higher estrogen concentration which is why females have a bigger pelvis 2.Stimulates breast development 3.Increases fat deposition (fat storage) 4. Increases LPL activity: lipoprotein is an enzyme that takes the fat out of cholesterol and deposits it somewhere else 5.Increases growth rate of bones: This is why females get larger in size quickly once they hit puberty
32
What is the relationship between LPL, cholesterol, and fat storage?
- Estrogen increases fat deposition (fat storage), - Increases LPL activity- lipoprotein is an enzyme that takes the fat out of cholesterol
33
Why physiologically do women store more fat in their hips and thighs?
LPL activity is high and lipolysis is low Storage is high and usage is low
34
What are the differences in strength between males and females?
Females are 40-50% weaker in upper body Females are 20-30% weaker in lower body There is a 5-15% difference in relative strength (scaled for body mass) 0% difference in strength when scaled for FFM
35
Why are there cardiovascular differences between males and females? HR? SV?
Females have higher submax HR Females have lower SV: Smaller Hearts: left ventricle and Smaller blood volume MaxHR is the same compared b/w males and females
36
How can women compensate for lower hemoglobin during exercise?
Increase A-VO2diff
37
Why are there pulmonary differences between males and females? Breathing rate? Tidal volume?
Relative breathing rate is the same Absolute: women breathe harder: -They are working at a higher intensity Females have smaller TV- Tidal Volume -Smaller lungs
38
What are the differences in aerobic capacity between males and females?
Average female VO2max is 70-75% of male Differences occur due to: -Greater fat mass -Lower hemoglobin -Lower max CO
39
What are the differences in blood lactate response during exercise between males and females?
Same absolute sub max work rate BL is higher at absolute workload for males than females LT occurs at the same point when expressed at % of VO2max
40
How do males and females adapt to training? Are any of these adaptations different?
None of the adaptations are very different Body Composition: Similar -Males and female lose/gain weight the same through diet and exercise Strength: Slight Differences -Females don’t get big like males but can get strong -Neuromuscular adaptations more than hypertrophy CV and Respiratory: Similar -SV, HR, A-VO2diff, and blood chara. Change the same way
41
What happens during the menarche phase?
Endometrial lining is shed
42
What happens during the follicular phase?
Increase in FSH- estrogen production Stimulate the formation of primary follicle and proliferative growth of uterine lining
43
What happens during the ovulation phase?
Surge in LH Day 14 Mature follicle is released and travels to the fallopian tube
44
What happens during the luteal phase?
Empty follicle in ovary begins to vascularize and luteal cells form Corpus luteum produced estrogen and progesterone and reaches peak activity after about 8 days If fertilized: implanted into endometrium, but if not: dies and a new cycle begins
45
What are the different phases of the menstrual cycle?
Menarche Follicular Ovulation Luteal
46
How does an increase in estrogen and progesterone affect exercise performance?
Increases fat metabolism by sparing glycogen Aerobic performance is improved Anaerobic performance may be improved in the follicular phase when hormones are low -Able to utilize carbs more efficiently
47
What is delayed menarche?
When females have not yet developed breasts by age 13 or developed their periods by age 16
48
What causes delayed menarche?
Genetics, undernutrition, or chronic illness
49
What is eumenorrhea?
Normal menstrual function (23-35 days)
50
What is ogliomenorrhea?
Inconsistent or irregular cycle
51
What is amenorrhea?
Absence of menstruation Primary: do not start menstruation by age 15 Secondary: female had first period but it stopped
52
Why is amenorrhea bad?
Bones are becoming more brittle -Female Athlete Triad Not having enough estrogen Not having enough body fat This is bad b/c it can lead to fertility issues if not resolved, hormone imbalance, and it’s not normal if a female doesn’t have a period every month.
53
What is usually the cause of amenorrhea?
Energy deficit usually the cause Food deprivation may trigger signals that inhibit LH secretion
54
What are the risks of exercising while pregnant?
Reduced blood flow to the uterus -Fetal hypoxia: deprive the baby of oxygen Fetal Hyperthermia: increasing body temp too much Reduced carbs availability to the fetus -If exercising too hard or not eating enough
55
What are the benefits of exercising while pregnant?
Increased energy level Reduced CV stress Decrease in excess weight gain Promotion of good posture Improved mood state
56
What are some special considerations for exercise prescription during pregnancy?
Don’t try anything new Avoid supine exercise No exercise to exhaustion No contact sports
57
What is menopause?
Permanent cessation of menses 12 months after final menstrual period
58
What is the cause of menopause?
Declining loss of sex hormones
59
What are the symptoms of menopause?
Hot flashes, bleeding, and mood changes
60
What are the risk factors for gestational diabetes?
Being overweight before getting pregnant African American Having PCOS Getting pregnanct at a later age
61
What is PCOS?
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Cysts in ovaries release male hormones
62
Why do athletes take anabolic steroids?
Increase rate of bone maturation and development of muscle mass
63
How do anabolic steroids work physiologically?
Increase anabolic effects on muscle Reduce androgenic properties Change rate at which they are metabolized or eliminated
64
What are some of the risks of taking anabolic steroids for males and females?
Suppresses the secretion of gonadotropic hormones which control the development and function of gonads Infections Males: excess testosterone can also lead to excess estrogen Females: disruption of menstrual cycle, masculinization
65
What is human growth hormone?
Helps build muscle and improve athletic performance
66
Where is HGH secreted?
Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
67
What are HGH functions?
Stimulation of protein and nucleic acid synthesis Stimulation of bone growth Increase in lipolysis Increase in blood glucose
68
How does hGH impact muscle mass and fat mass?
Fat Mass: Decreases fat storage and increase fat free mass Increase bone density Muscle Mass: Increases muscle strength by enhancing muscle mass, but it is believed that the increase in muscle mass is due to fluid retention
69
What are some risks for using hGH?
Bone thickening Skin thickening Diabetes Muscle and joint weakness
70
What are amphetamines? What do they do?
Combat fatigue and improve endurance Work by stimulating the CNS Used to treat ADHD Increase dopamine levels
71
What are the two types of amphetamine?
Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine
72
What are ephedrines?
Increase blood pressure
73
What are pseudoephedrine?
Decongestant or Bronchodilator
74
What are the ergogenic effects of amphetamines?
Increase concentration and mental alertness Produce state of euphoria Raise MR Decrease sense of fatigue
75
What are the risks for taking amphetamines?
Greater stress on CV and greater chance for arrhythmias -Due to it putting sympathetic nervous system in overdrive Athletes push too far due to reduced perception of fatigue Addictive- develop tolerance and take larger doses Extreme nervousness- anxiety or aggressive behavior
76
How do beta blockers work?
Blocks beta adrenergic receptors specifically the prevent the binding of norepinephrine -By blocking these receptors, the HR can slow down and the blood vessels won’t be so dilated which will decrease BP Reduce effects of stimulation of SNS
77
Who usually uses beta blockers?
Those who have hypertension For sports performance like shooting and golf
78
How can beta blockers affect sports performance?
Affects where anxiety and tremor could impair performance
79
What are some risks for taking beta blockers?
Decreased HR could lead to lightheadedness Induce bronchospasm in asthma pts T2D can become hypoglycemic -Block the release of insulin by interacting with nerve signals to the pancreas -The pancreas is not going to release as much insulin
80
How do diuretics work? Who usually takes diuretics?
Helps us get rid of water It affects kidneys by increasing urine production
81
Who usually takes diuretics?
People who need to reduce blood volume and edema due to high blood pressure Used for weight control -Jockeys, wrestlers, gymnasts
82
What are some risks for taking diuretics?
Reduced cardiac output which decreases O2 delivery and aerobic capacity Hinders thermoregulation Electrolyte imbalance
83
What is the relationship between amphetamines and exercise performance?
It’s illegal but it can cause the sympathetic nervous system to be in overdrive which will increase exercise performance and not make us feel tired
84
How does nitrate work and how does it affect exercise performance?
Increase the diameter of the blood vessels which will increase blood flow and increase O2 delivery Control blood flow White blood cell movement Mitochondrial function
85
How does cherry juice impact exercise performance?
Reduces pain and inflammation- analgesic Eccentric exercise: -Reduction in oxidative stress, strength loss, and perception of pain
86
What are exercise benefits with nitrate?
Most effect in sedentary and modesty fit people -Oxygen consumption reduced and performance increase High fitness level negates effects -With someone training aerobically they are going to negate the positive effects of nitrate.
87
How does nitrate affect the cardiovascular changes related to aging?
Reduction in resting BP: relaxing smooth muscle of the arterials Positive CV changes -More blood is able to flow and the viscosity of the blood decreases which reduces TPR and BP
88
Why do athletes take bicarbonate and beta alanine?
Effects extracellular fluid Works best in high intensity exercise that use anaerobic glycolysis Everytime a lactate is made, we release a H+ ion by having extra bicarbonate available and the H+ can be buffered and we are able to breathe them out quicker as CO2
89
How does bicarbonate and beta alanine work physiologically?
They are both buffers One is going to be for the extracellular fluid and the other is going to the be for the intracellular fluid
90
How should bicarbonate supplements affect exercise performance?
Should affect anaerobic exercise where anaerobic glycolysis is our main energy systme
91
What are the risks of taking bicarbonate and beta alanine
GI discomfort Diarrhea Cramps Bloating
92
what are the ACSM Risk Factors?
1. Client Age: >45 for men and >55 for women 2. Family history of CV events: if one male relative had an event <55 or one female <65 parents, siblings, children 3. Current Smoker: within 6 months or 2nd hand 3. Sedentary Lifestyle: 30 min moderate 3days per week for 3 months 4. Obesity: BMI>30 or waist circumference <102 for men or >88 for women 5. Hypertension: Systolic > 140/equal or Diastolic >90/equal or taking medication 6. Dyslipidemia: elevated LDL-C >130, HDL<40 or taking medication 7.Prediabetes: Fasting blood glucose b/w 100-125 or tolerance test >140 but < 200 8. High HDL: as defined as >60 (Positive) -If there is one negative risk factor, then subtract one from positive risk factors
93
All of the following below tend to describe a high altitude environment except:
Lower air temperature Higher solar radiation Higher CO2 Lower O2
94
What is the percentage of oxygen in the air at the top pf Mount Everest?
15% 21% 36% 79%
95
All of the following below are responses to a high altitude environment except: Lower stroke volume Higher HR Lower VO2max Higher a-vO2diff
Higher A-VO2diff
96
The increase of pulmonary ventilation at high altitude does what to the blood's pH?
Blood becomes more acidic Blood becomes more basic No effect
97
How does the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve shift when exposed to high altitude? Up and to the left Down and to the left Up and to the right Down and to the right
Up and to the left
98
Metabolic rate will increase when initially exposed to a high altitude environment.
True False
99
The shift in the oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve will do what to hemoglobin?
Enhance unloading Both Neither
100
We exposed to high altitude we will rely more on what fuel source?
Carbohydrate Fat Protein
101
Risk for dehydration increases when we are exposed to high altitude.
True False
102
If the barometric pressure is 620mmHg, what is the partial pressure of oxygen? 21 mmHg 100 mmHg 130mmHg 159mmHg
103
How do get the partial pressure of O2
.2093 x total pressure (given)
104
How do you get partial pressure of CO2?
.0003 x total pressure (given)
105
With altitude exposure, Is this acute relative increase in red blood cells good or bad for an athlete?
Bad thing bc when we lose plasma that will make our blood more viscous which increases CV work.
106
What happens during submax exercise when exposed to high altitude?
SV decreases, HR increase, Overall CO increases A-VO2 diff decreases but then increases after a few days HR and CO peak after 6-10 days then decrease
107
What happens during maxmial exercise when exposed to high altitude?
Decrease in SV Decrease in max HR Decrease in max CO Decrease in max A-VO2diff x decrease CO = decrease VO2max

Ex Phys Test 3 (1 decks)

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