exam 1

Question 1

number of deaths among age 5-14/ numbers of persons who are age 5-14 X100,000

Answer 1

Age specific rate

Question 2

Involves looking at people who differ on one key characteristic at one specific point in time. The data is collected at the same time from people who are similar in other characteristics but different in a key factor of interest such as age, income levels, or geographic location.

Answer 2

Cross-sectional Studies

Question 3

fulfilling society’s interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy

Answer 3

public health definition according to IOM, 1988

Question 4

Seven Uses for Epidemiology

Answer 4

Study history of the health of populations
Diagnose the health of the community
Examine the working of health services
Estimate the individual risks and chances
Identify syndromes
Complete the clinical picture
Search for causes

Question 5

Defined as a collection of individuals that have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in common

Answer 5

population

Question 6

Defined as the frequency & pattern of health events in a population

Answer 6

Distribution

Question 7

5 images of public health

Answer 7

System at the state or local level

Profession

Approach to improving the health of the public

General statement of the health of a population

Government services for those who cannot pay for private healthcare

Question 8

mortality / population X100,000

Answer 8

cause- specific rate

Question 9

Can demonstrate the magnitude of a problem – but only if know the size of the total population.

Answer 9

proportion

Question 10

prevalence of a disease is proportional to the _______ times the duration of the disease

Answer 10

incidence rate

Question 11

argued that poverty was a primary contributor to disease

reformed the Poor Laws in London

Answer 11

Samuel Chadwick

Question 12

Modifying the physical, emotional, habitual, and cultural factors that influence health status

Answer 12

Behavior Change

Question 13

The interlocking and mutually supportive strategies and interventions aimed at the deterrence, early detection, and minimization or cessation of disease and injury at a population level.

Answer 13

Prevention

Question 14

Extent to which the study groups are comparable to each other; is the experimental group comparable enough to the control group?

Measures how valid, true, accurate the study is

Reflected by selection/randomization in assignment to study or control group

Answer 14

Internal validity

Question 15

top 5 leading causes of death in 1900

Answer 15

TB
pneumonia
diarrhea
heart disease

Question 16

5 Objectives of Descriptive Epidemiology

Answer 16

Provides information about a disease or condition
Identifies the extent of the public health problem
Identifies the population at greatest risk
Assists in planning and resource allocation
Identifies avenues for future research

Question 17

Prevention that

Utilizing preventive screenings (such mammography, blood pressure and cholesterol monitoring) and health counseling promote early detection of disease

Answer 17

secondary

Question 18

Currently increases are reported for what 3 things

Answer 18

Alzheimer’s disease, kidney disease, and hypertension.

Question 19

public health’s results as measured in terms of what 4 things

Answer 19

improved health status
diseases prevented
scarce resources saved
improved quality of life

Question 20

Are used to identify that a health problem that may exist

Characterize the amount and distribution of disease

Identify trends in health & disease

Answer 20

Descriptive studies-

Question 21

The number of existing cases of a disease or health condition in a population at some designated time.

Describe the burden of a health problem in a population

Answer 21

Prevalence

Question 22

Focuses on the management of chronic illness, improving patient outcomes and lowering healthcare costs through use of evidence-based guidelines and health information technology

Answer 22

Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH)

Question 23

factors or events that are capable of bringing about a change in health.

Answer 23

Determinants

Question 24

of persons who die of a disease / # of persons who have the disease

Answer 24

Case Fatality Rate

Question 25

smallpox vaccination

Answer 25

Edward Jenner

Question 26

refer to a particular subgroup of the population defined in terms of race, age, sex, or single cause of death or illness

Answer 26

Specific rates

Question 27

used to identify the cause of the health problem; are more etiologic in nature

Answer 27

Analytic studies-

Question 28

a method used to ascertain the epidemic frequency of a disease

Answer 28

Surveillance

Question 29

studies the distribution of disease and other health-related states and events in terms of (person)al characteristics, geographical distribution (place), and temporal patterns (time

Answer 29

Descriptive epidemiology

Question 30

Occurs during pathogenesis phase Designed to reduce the progress of disease Examples are screening programs for cancer and diabetes.

Answer 30

Secondary Prevention

Question 31

top 5 leading causes of death in 1997

Answer 31

heart disease cancer stroke chronic lung disease

Question 32

Public health is a core element of population health that focuses on what 3 things

Answer 32

health determinants prevention public health policy.

Question 33

number of deaths in a year / reference population X 1000

Answer 33

crude death rate

Question 34

successive re-definings of the unacceptable

Answer 34

public health definition according to

Question 35

is concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations.

Answer 35

Epidemiology

Question 36

Indicates premature mortality or early death

Answer 36

Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

Question 37

The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness (or an outbreak) clearly in excess of expectancy…”

Answer 37

Epidemic

Question 38

Extent to which the results of a study can be applied to people not in it AKA generalizability or representativeness Key is randomization in selection of the study participants

Answer 38

External validity

Question 39

Early influences on public health in America

Answer 39

Imperialism and industrialization British influence: Jenner, Snow, Chadwick

Question 40

7 examples of Determinants

Answer 40

``` Social determinants Physical environment (natural or built) Healthcare Genetics Individual behavior (eating/drinking/activity patterns) Biological (bacteria, viruses) Environment (chemical exposure, stress) ```

Question 41

: The distribution of health outcomes within a population, the health determinants that influence distribution, and the policies and interventions that affect those determinants.

Answer 41

Population health

Question 42

number of new cases over a time period / total population at risk during the same time period X 100,000

Answer 42

incidence rate

Question 43

mapped cholera cases

Answer 43

John Snow

Question 44

measures Income inequality ranges from 0 to 1

Answer 44

Gini index The higher the Gini index number (closer to one), the greater is the level of inequality.

Question 45

The number of new cases of a disease that occur in a group during a certain time period

Answer 45

Incidence

Question 46

type of primary prevention that: Does not require any behavior change at the individual level Examples: Fluoridation of public water and vitamin fortifications of milk and bread products

Answer 46

passive

Question 47

refers to the place of origin of the individual. | Categories are foreign born and native born.

Answer 47

Nativity

Question 48

type of primary prevention that: Necessitates behavior change on the part of the subject or family member Examples: Vaccinations and wearing protective devices

Answer 48

active

Question 49

An approach to providing collaborative and team-based primary care responsible for the ongoing care that is patient centered, accessible, committed to quality/safety and coordinated.

Answer 49

Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH)

Question 50

prevention that: Includes targeted health promotion & wellness activities to prevent illness lifestyle modifications are consistently identified in population-based epidemiological research as most likely to reduce the prevalence of chronic conditions: 1) reducing tobacco use, 2) eating healthy foods, 3) increasing regular physical activity

Answer 50

primary

Question 51

number of infant deaths among infants 0-365 days / number of live births during the year X 1,000 live births

Answer 51

infant mortality

Question 52

are due to variations in climate, geology, latitude, pollution, and ethnic and racial concentration

Answer 52

Within-country variations

Question 53

classifies participants by their exposure status & then follows them over time to determine who become cases of interest; determines disease incidence

Answer 53

a cohort study

Question 54

Characterizes a disease that is habitually present in a particular geographical are

Answer 54

Endemic

Question 55

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort

Answer 55

public health definition according to Winslow

Question 56

Prevention that Focuses on minimizing disease complications and comorbidities through appropriate evidence-based treatment and continuity of care

Answer 56

tertiary

Question 57

starts with a definition of the condition to determine who are the cases and who are the controls

Answer 57

A case control study

Question 58

mortality due to specific cause during a time period/ mortality due to all causes during the same time period X100

Answer 58

Proportional Mortality Ratio

Question 59

an epidemic on a worldwide scale; large numbers of persons may be affected & a disease may cross international border

Answer 59

Pandemic