Exam 1

Question 1

What type of reactions catabolize complex organic molecules into simpler forms that can be easily absorbed

Answer 1

Hydrolysis Reactions

Question 2

How do hydrolysis reactions work?

Answer 2

H+ and OH- are aded to a molecule to split chemical bonds

Question 3

Where does lipase work?

Answer 3

Cleaves FA at the glycerol backbone.

Question 4

Describe a condensation reaction.

Answer 4

The building of a molecule where a water molecule is formed.

Question 5

A _______ agent describes the substance that donates or loses electrons

Answer 5

Reducing

Question 6

The substance being reduced or gaining electrons is called the electron acceptor or the ____ agent

Answer 6

Oxidizing

Question 7

T/fF: Transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 harnesses energy in the form of ATP

Answer 7

True

Question 8

NAD+ and FAD hydrogen acceptors which are ____ to form NADH and FADH2

Answer 8

Reduced

Question 9

_____ reactions transfer oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms or electrons

Answer 9

Oxidation

Question 10

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 10

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 11

Where does FA oxidation occur?

Answer 11

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 12

What are the roles of carbohydrates?

Answer 12

Energy Source
Protein Sparer
Metabolic Primer
Fuel for CNS

Question 13

During low intensity exercise what fuel serves as the main energy source?

Answer 13

Fat

Question 14

What fuel serves as the main source during high intensity exercise?

Answer 14

Carbohydrates

Question 15

What occurs when exercise continues to a point that compromises liver and muscle glycogen

Answer 15

Fatigue

Question 16

What are the 3 groups of lipids

Answer 16

Simple
Compound
Derived

Question 17

What are the types of simple lipids

Answer 17

Saturated and Unsaturated

Question 18

The overall metabolism of glucose to lactate in the absence of oxygen results in

Answer 18

ATP

2 Lactate

Question 19

Define cellular respiration

Answer 19

the flow of electrons through or within a membrane, from reduced coenzymes to an external electron acceptor usually accompanied by the generation of ATP

Question 20

Organisms with an absolute requirement for oxygen

Answer 20

Obligate aerobe

Question 21

Organisms that cannot use oxygen as an electron acceptor; oxygen is toxic to these organisms

Answer 21

Obligate anaerobe

Question 22

Organisms that can function under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

Answer 22

Facultative

Question 23

In_______ respiration, the terminal electron acceptor is oxygen and the reduced form is water

Answer 23

Aerobic

Question 24

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

Answer 24

Mitochondria

Question 25

Describe respiratory control

Answer 25

The rate of respiration aka electron transport depends on the concentration of ADP. If ADP is high that means ATP is low so electron transport and ATP production is promoted If ADP is low that means ATP is high and electron transport thus ATP production is inhibited

Question 26

What hormone causes an increase in oxygen consumption?

Answer 26

Norepinephrine

Question 27

What is lipogenesis

Answer 27

The formation of fat in the cytoplasm of liver cells | Occurs when glycogen stores are full so glucose is transported to adipocytes

Question 28

What type of amino acids yield pyruvate, oxaloacetate and malate to be used for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 28

glycogenic AAs

Question 29

What are glucogenic amino acids?

Answer 29

Amino acids that can become important intermediates for gluconeogenesis when deaminated

Question 30

What are ketogenic amino acids?

Answer 30

Amino acids that can become acetyl coA or acetoacetate when deaminated

Question 31

What is the product of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 31

2 lactate

Question 32

What is the product of aerobic respiration?

Answer 32

Acetyl CoA

Question 33

Is fatty acid catabolism aerobic or anaerobic?`

Answer 33

aerobic

Question 34

What is the fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

Answer 34

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA

Question 35

What is the fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?

Answer 35

it is turned into lactate

Question 36

What processes produce ATP

Answer 36

Glycolysis Electron Transport Chain TCA Cycle

Question 37

What are the 3 misconceptions about effects of lactate?

Answer 37

Lactate is the cause of : Fatigue Cramps Soreness

Question 38

What is lactate threshold?

Answer 38

the point at which lactate appearance is higher than disappearance

Question 39

How does McArdle's Disease debunk the misconceptions about the effects of lactate?

Answer 39

Those with MA lack glycogen phosphorylase so they do not make lactate but still suffer from muscle fatigue and cramps

Question 40

How is lactate removed?

Answer 40

Oxidation by working muscle

Question 41

When glycogen stores are full, carbs are stored as

Answer 41

Fat

Question 42

Where is glycogen stored?

Answer 42

In liver and muscle

Question 43

What is the process of fatty acid metabolism into Acetyl CoA?

Answer 43

Beta Oxidation

Question 44

What happens once glycogen stores are full?

Answer 44

Glucose is converted into fat and is stored as adipose tissue

Question 45

Fat is stored in the form of

Answer 45

Triacylglycerols

Question 46

What is basal metabolic rate?

Answer 46

the minimum level of energy needed to sustain vital functions in the waking state

Question 47

What is steady rate?

Answer 47

a balance between the energy needed by muscles and the amount of ATP being made

Question 48

what is oxygen deficit?

Answer 48

The difference in o2 consumption needed to meet demands of tissue until steady rate is met