Exam 1 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Is Sally an idiot?
A
Yes
2
Q
Acute illnesses
A
Generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short time. Examples: appendicitis pneumonia diarrhea common cold
3
Q
Sub-acute
A
Does not meet criteria for acute nor chronic
4
Q
Chronic illnessess
A
A broad term that encompasses many different physical and mental alterations in health. Usually has a slow onset and may have periods of remission and exacerbation. Examples: Diabetes mellitus Lung disease Arthritis Lupus
5
Q
Characteristics of Chronic Illness
A
- It is a permanent change
- It causes, or is caused by, irreversible alterations in normal anatomy and physiology
- It requires a special patient education for rehabilitation
- It requires a long period of care or support
6
Q
Stages of illness behavior
A
Stage 1: Experiencing symptoms
Stage 2: Assuming the sick role
Stage 3: Assuming a dependent role
Stage 4: Achieving recovery and rehabilitation
7
Q
Primary illness prevention
A
Directed toward promoting health and preventing the development of disease processes or injury. (REMOVING RISK FACTORS)
Examples:
immunization clinics, family planning services, poising-control information, and accident-prevention education.
8
Q
Secondary illness prevention
A
Focus on screening for early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found (EARLY DETECTION AND TREATMENT)
Examples: assessing children for normal growth and development and encouraging regular medical, dental, and vision examinations
9
Q
Tertiary illness prevention
A
Begins after an illness is diagnosed and treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning (REDUCE COMPLICATIONS)
Example: Teaching a patient with diabetes how to recognize and prevent contractures in a patient who has had a stroke or spinal cord injury, and referring a woman to a support group after removal of breast because of cancer.
10
Q
Agent-Host-Environment Model (Leavell and Clark)
A
- Views the interaction between an external agent, a susceptible host, and the environment as causes of disease in a person.
- It is a traditional model that explains how certain factors place some people at risk for an infectious disease
- This model is limited when dealing with noninfectious diseases.
- These three factors are constantly interacting, and a combination of factors may increase the risk of illness
11
Q
The Health-Illness Continuum
A
- Conceptualizes a person’s level of health
- Views health as a constantly changing state with high-level wellness and death on opposite sides of a continuum
- Illustrates the dynamic (ever-changing) state of heath
12
Q
The Health Belief Model (Rosenstock)
A
- Concerned with what people perceive to be true about themselves in relation to their health
- Modifying factors for health include demographic, sociopsychological, and structural variables
- Based on 3 components of individual perceptions of threat of disease
1. perceived susceptibility to a disease
2. Perceived seriousness of a disease
3. Perceived benefits of action
13
Q
The Health Promotion Model (Pender)
A
-Developed to illustrate how people interact with their environment as they pursue health
- Incorporates individual characteristics and experiences and behavior-specific knowledge and beliefs, to motivate
health-promoting behavior
- Personal, biologic, psychological, and sociocultural factors are predictive of a certain health-related habit
14
Q
Risk Factors for Illness
A
- Age
- Genetic Factors
- Physiologic factors
- Health habits
- Lifestyle
- Environment
15
Q
Pathophysiology
A
- Physiology of altered health states
- Structural and functional changes that either cause or are caused by diseases
- Can be alterations at the cell, tissue and organ
16
Q
Geriatric
A
Branch of medicine and social sciences dealing with the health and care of older people
17
Q
Gerontology
A
Study of the process of aging and especially the issues of aging
18
Q
Ten signs of aging
A
- Skin is less elastic and more wrinkles
- Hair turns white and gets thinner
- Loss of height (inches)
- High frequency sounds are harder to hear
- Visual acuity decreases
- Bones are less dense and strong
- Metabolism and body composition changes
- Mental acuity changes
- Heart is less efficient
- Lungs become less efficient
19
Q
Cognitive Changes with Aging
A
- Degree to cognitive changes varies with people
- Some cognitive areas remain stable
- May include changes in attention, working memory, long term memory, perception, language/verbal ability, problem solving, spatial orientation
20
Q
Attention with Aging
A
Capacity to attend has decreased for all age group by 9 seconds due to the digital age
21
Q
Selective attention
A
Spotting relevant information within information listed ( This type decreases with age)
22
Q
Divided attention
A
Multitasking ( gets worse with age)
23
Q
Sustained attention
A
Remain focused for extended period of time ( stays the same with aging )
24
Q
Language with Aging
A
Language production declines they spend more time finding words
- spelling familiar words may become more difficult
- After age 70 the ability to name a common object declines
25
Visual impairment in Older Adults
- About 65% of all people who are visually impaired are aged 50 and older ( 20% of the population)
- Anticipate a rise in chronic eye conditions as the population ages
- Cost of care is significant to the individuals and society at large
26
Glaucoma
Group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve
Symptoms:
Slowly lose peripheral or side vision first & then central vision may decrease
27
Macular Degeneration
- Leading cause of severe vision loss in people over 60
- Small central portion of the retina deteriorates
Symptom: Dark, blurry areas in the center of vision
28
Cataracts
- Painless, cloudy area in the lens of the eye that blocks the passage of light to the retina
Symptom: Cloudy, fuzzy, or foggy vision
29
Diabetic Retinopathy
- Disease of the retina which is the most common diabetes-related eye condition
Symptom: poor vision and or blindness
30
Retinal detachment
Part of the retina comes off the back of the eye
Symptom: Floater and flashes of light can be warning signs as well as sudden loss of peripheral vision
31
Retinitis pigmentosa
Progressive degeneration of the retina
Symptom: Peripheral vision gradually decreases and eventually is lost in most cases
* central vision is usually preserved until late in these conditions *
32
Leading cause of death in Middle Adulthood
- Malignant neoplasms
- Cardiovascular disease
- Unintentional injury (poisoning, MVA & falls)
- Liver disease
- Diabetes mellitus
- Suicide
- Chronic lower respiratory disease
- Cerebrovascular causes ( septicemia(infection) & nephritis(kidney disease))
* other major health problems include rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, alcoholism, and depression *
33
Roles of the Nurse promoting health for older adults
By teaching, serving as a role model, encouraging self-care responsibilities.
34
Myths about older adults
- Old age begins at 65 years of age
- Most older adults live in a long-term care facility
- Most older adults are sick
- Old age means mental deterioration
- Older adults are not interested in sex
- Older adults don't care how they look
- Most older adults are isolated and lonely
- Bladder problems are a problem of aging
- Older adults do not deserve aggressive treatment for serious illnesses
- Older adults cannot learn new things
35
Assessment tool: SPICES
```
S- Sleep disorders
P- Problems with eating or feeding
I- Incontinence
C- Confusion
E- Evidence of falls
S- Skin breakdown
```
36
Roles of the Nurse in promoting health and preventing illness in older adults
- Nutrition
- Exercise
- Health screenings
- Immunizations
37
what are the 8 nursing roles?
caregiver, communicator, teacher/educator, counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, collaborator
38
Describe the function of a caregiver nursing role
combines both the art and science of nursing in meeting physical, emotional, intellectual, sociocultural, and spiritual needs. caregiver integrates all other nursing roles to promote wellness through activities that prevent illness, restore health, and facilitate coping with a disability or death. the role of a caregiver is the primary role of the nurse.
39
describe the function of the communicator nursing role
the use of effective and interpersonal and therapeutic communication skills to establish and maintain helping relationships w/ patients of all ages in a wide variety of healthcare settings
40
describe the function of the teacher/educator nursing role
the use of communication skills to assess, implement, & evaluate individualized teaching plans to meet learning needs of patients and their families
41
What is knowing?
striving to understand an event as it is meaningful in the life of the other
avoid assumptions
focus on the patient/ client/ resident
clinical knowledge and skills, assess thoroughly
know patients' preferences by seeking cues and incorporate them in the care
engage the self of both
42
describe the function of the leader nursing role
the assertive, self-confident practice of nursing when providing care, effecting change, and functioning with groups
43
describe the function of researcher nursing role
the participation in or conduct of research to increase knowledge in nursing and improve patient care
44
Florence Nightingale's contributions include: (hint: 9 things)
Identifying the personal needs of the patient and the role of the nurse in meeting those needs
Establishing standards for hospital management
Establishing a respected occupation for women
Establishing nursing education
Recognizing the two components of nursing: health and illness
Believing that nursing is separate and distinct from medicine
Recognizing that nutrition is important to health
Instituting occupational and recreational therapy for sick people
Stressing the need for continuing education for nurses
Maintaining accurate records, recognized as the beginnings of nursing research
45
Virginia Henderson contributions:
Modern legend in nursing
"foremost nurse of the 20th century"
Emphasized nursing research
Widened her professional focus at the age of 75
central theme- The patient is a person who requires help to reach independence.
application to clinical practice- Nursing practice is independent; autonomous nursing functions are identified, and self-help concepts are described.
46
Nursing Focus
human experiences and response to everything
individuals, families, communities, groups
person as the central component
physical, emotional, social and spiritual dimensions of the person
47
what are the 3 main types of communication
verbal, non-verbal, and electronic
48
What is knowing?
striving to understand an event as it is meaningful in the life of the other
avoid assumptions
focus on the patient/ client/ resident
clinical knowledge and skills, assess thoroughly
know
49
what are factors that may influence communications
developmental levels, biological sex, sociocultural differences, roles & responsibilities, space & territoriality, physical, emotional, and mental state, and environment
50
describe the function of the collaborator nursing role
the effective use of skills in organization, communication, and advocacy to facilitate the functions of all members of the health care team as they provide patient care
51
How is communication enhanced
warmth &friendliness, openness &respect empathy, honesty, authenticity, &trust, caring and competence
52
what are the 3 main types of communication
verbal, non-verbal, and electronic
53
what are the 3 levels of communication
intrapersonal (self-talk), interpersonal(2+ people) and group communications
54
what are factors that may influence communications
developmental levels, biological sex, sociocultural differences, roles & responsibilities, space & territoriality, physical, emotional, and mental state, and environment
55
What is being with?
being emotionally present to the other
```
being there
let patient know they matter
accept patients' emotions
using silence
taking care of the minutia
open body language
conveying availability
not-burdening
```
56
What is doing for?
doing for the other as s/he would do for the self if it were at all possible
```
comforting
anticipating
the art of nursing
acting competently and skillfully
protecting
preserving dignity
```
57
What is enabling?
facilitating the other's passage through life transitions and unfamiliar events
```
informing/explaining
supporting/allowing
focusing
assist with alternative thinking
thinking things through
promote self care
```
58
Definitions of Nursing
nurse- to nourish
prepared to take care of the sick, injured, and aged
ICN definition- autonomous and collaborative care... includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in-patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.
ANA definition- the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations
59
Nursing Focus
human experiences and response to everything
individuals, families, communities, groups
person as the central component
physical, emotional, social and spiritual dimensions of the person
60
Know examples of therapeutic and non-therapeutic communication techniques
*****Look at communications work sheet******
61
What are the nursing aims?
to promote health
to prevent illness
to restore health
to facilitate coping with disability or death
62
QSEN competencies (6):
```
patient centered care
teamwork and collaboration
quality and improvement
safety
evidence-based practice
informatics
```
63
What makes nursing a profession?
Well-defined body of specific and unique knowledge
Strong service orientation
Recognized authority by a professional group
Code of ethics
Professional organization that sets standards
Ongoing research
Autonomy and self-regulation
64
Thoughtful nursing practice is
Kind, considerate, compassionate, care
65
Formula for great nursing
```
Patient
+
Nurse
+
Thinking skills
+
Knowledge
+
Nursing process
```
66
Potential errors in decision making
Bias, impatience, and failure to consider total situation
67
Five steps in the nursing process
```
Assessing
Diagnosing
Planning
Implementing
Evaluating
```
68
Assessing
Collecting, validating and communicating patient data
69
Diagnosing
Analyzing patient data to identify patient strengths and weaknesses/problems
70
Planning
Specifying patient out comes and related nursing interventions
71
Implementing
Carrying out the plan of care
72
Evaluating
Measuring extent to which patient achieved outcomes
73
Characteristics of the nursing process
```
Systemic
Dynamic
Interpersonal
Outcome oriented
Universally applicable
```
74
Systemic in nursing process
Part of an ordered sequence of activities
75
Dynamic in nursing process
Great interaction and overlapping among the five steps
76
Interpersonal in the nursing process
Human being is always at the heart of nursing
77
Outcome oriented in the nursing process
Nurses and patients work together to identify outcomes and goals
78
Universally applicable in the nursing process
A framework for all nursing activities
79
Benefits of the nursing process to the patient
1-scientifically based holistic individualized patient care
2-continuity of care
3-clear, efficient, cost effective plan of action
80
Benefit to the nurse from the nursing process
1-opportunity to work collaboratively with other healthcare workers / increased communication
2-satisfaction of making a difference in the lives of patients
3-opportunity to grow professionally
81
Reflection in action
Reflection in action happens in the here and now of activity and is also known as "thinking on your feet"
82
Reflection on action
Reflection on action occurs after the fact and involves thinking through a situation that has occurred in the past
83
Reflection for action
Reflection for action helps the person to think about how the future actions might change as a result of the reflection
84
The challenge is to really talk about thinking not just talking about doing
This takes
Reflection
Practice
Peer feedback
85
Problem solving in the nursing process
1-trial and error
2-scientific problem solving
3-intuitive problem solving
Critical thinking: intuitive, logical, or both?
86
Critical thinking
Is the bridge between information we have and actions we need to take
Intangible
Individual
Requires effort/work
Requires you to ask "why" questions: imply a search for a reason/purpose/meaning and value it's a way to initiate inquiry provide logic and justify conclusions
87
Components of thoughtful practice
Reflective practice leading to personal learning
The nurses personal attributes / knowledge base/clinical experiences / blended competencies / QSEN competencies which lead to clinical reasoning judgment and decision making which leads to patient-centered nursing process of assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, evaluating, which gets back to reflective practice.
88
Assessment techniques
Inspection: is a visual examination of the patient
Palpation: is done by touching the area needing to be assessed
Auscultation: is listening to the area of body that needs to be assessed with a stethoscope
Percussion: involves tapping your fingers or hands quickly and sharply against parts of the patient's body to help you locate Oregon borders, identify organ shape and position and determine if an organ is solid or filled with fluid or gas.
