Exam 1

Question 1

Name the different temporal scale levels of wildlife monitoring

Answer 1

daily, annual seasonal

Question 2

name the three lelvels of spatial scale used to evaluate habitat selection

Answer 2

feeding point, home range, geographic range

Question 3

What’s the difference between biotic and abiotic variables

Answer 3

biotic variables are living things, abiotic variables are not

Question 4

know why we study plants in this class

Answer 4

they influence all levels of an ecosystem

Question 5

be familiar with Dr. Smith’s boardwalk study

Answer 5

Basically they found that there were the same number of bears in the greater Brooks River area, but that there were 75% fewer trail crossings under the boardwalks. Bear behavior was affected by the people on the boardwalk making loud sounds to get the bears to look at them

Question 6

Why might biologists capture wildlife

Answer 6

control disease spread, regulate population numbers, research

Question 7

know the difference between an active and a passive trap

Answer 7

passive trap the animal entangles itself w/ its movements

active traps, the biologist or a mechanism of the trap entangles the animal

Question 8

What is FLIR used for?

Answer 8

This is used from helicopters to sense infrared heat. It helps you to find animals that would be otherwise hard to see. Used to find polar bear dens

Question 9

What is Active infrared camera used for

Answer 9

a. active infrared – beam break sensors create a trip line. You can place the camera further away.
b. passive infrared – sensors detect movement or infrared radiation

Question 10

what is GPS used for

Answer 10

GPS is used in the field for locating specific habitat sites, finding animals with GPS enabled collars, or locating marked areas where studies are performed from year to year to find trend data (pellet groups)

Question 11

what is sonar used for

Answer 11

Sonar is used for seeing fish in water

Question 12

what is SAR used for

Answer 12

Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) is a form of radar that is used to create two-dimensional images or three-dimensional reconstructions of objects, such as landscapes

Question 13

know the pros and cons of using trail cameras

Answer 13

a. Disadvantages
i. Dependent on operator skill
ii. maintenance and repair

b. Advantages
i. Provides consistent monitoring
ii. Invasiveness reduced

Question 14

define quadrat

Answer 14

Quadrat = sample units or plots that vary in size, shape, number and arrangements, depending on the nature of the vegetation, site conditions and purpose of study

Question 15

define density

Answer 15

Density = total number of objects (individual plants) per unit area

Question 16

define biomass

Answer 16

Biomass = both live and dead vegetation; synonymous with standing crop

Question 17

define frequency

Answer 17

Frequency of occurrence= the proportion of sample units in which a species occurs

Question 18

define cover

Answer 18

Cover = the vertical projection of the crown of a stem of a plant onto the ground surface

Question 19

define transect

Answer 19

a straight line or narrow section through an object or natural feature or across the earth’s surface, along which observations are made or measurements taken.

Question 20

analgesic

Answer 20

A drug designed to relieve pain

Question 21

sedative

Answer 21

a. Tranquilizers and sedatives – tranquilizers relieve anxiety with minimal sedation, sedatives relieve anxiety, making it easier for the animal to rest or sleep. They are typically sued as adjuncts to primary immobilants

Question 22

capture myopathy

Answer 22

when an animal passes away from the stresses of capture and handling

Question 23

define stress

Answer 23

Any stimulus that causes psychological or physiological distress to an animal

Question 24

define seizure

Answer 24

Capturing an animal for monitoring, relocating or study

Question 25

know the difference between habitat use, selection and preference

Answer 25

A. use: an association or consumption when habitats or food resources are discussed B. selection: implies that an animal is choosing among alternative vegetation types available to them C. preference: selection of independent of availability 2. According to the authors, can preference be measured in the wild, and why (411)? a. No, because preference can only be observed in controlled experiments where equal amounts of different habitat quantities are presented

Question 26

be familiar with both direct and indirect methods of observing and detecting wildlife

Answer 26

15. List 3 examples of direct methods used by biologists to measure habitat use (416): - observation, capture and radioelemetry 16. List 3 examples of indirect methods used by biologists to assess habitat use (417): - Detection of tracks, detection of pellet groups, evidence of browsing or feeding

Question 27

know the primary variables that influence resource selection

Answer 27

Season, gender, age, behavioral activity, and daily activity pattern

Question 28

know the three essential habitat elements necessary to sustain a viable wildlife population

Answer 28

food, cover and water

Question 29

be familiar with what may be learned about wildlife by measuring vegetation

Answer 29

- vegetation response to wildlife - carrying capacity - habitat characterization - long-term monitoring of status and trends

Question 30

What is carfentanil used for in wildlife immobilization

Answer 30

cervids (deer) | Opioid, immobilization (tranquilizer)

Question 31

what is xylazine used for

Answer 31

elk, mule, white tailed deer | Sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxant

Question 32

what is yohimbine used for

Answer 32

cervids | Antagonist, reverses effect of xylazine

Question 33

what is ketamine used for

Answer 33

primates | Analgesia, general anesthetic

Question 34

know how to calculate the amount of immobilization drug to use on an animal

Answer 34

see instructions in study guide

Question 35

know what it means if a drug has a high or a low therapeutic index

Answer 35

If it has a high therapeutic index, it has a large dose range that won't kill the animal If it has a low therapeutic index, it has a small range between non-effective and lethal doses

Question 36

know the pros and cons of using chemicals to immobilize wildlife

Answer 36

Pros: May stress the animal less and provide protection to the biologist Cons: Can be dangerous to the animal. They may not wake up, or may hurt themselves when they are groggy. They may be more susceptible to predation when groggy

Question 37

know what a datum is (in relation to GPS)

Answer 37

A datum is a model of the earth's surface. The correct datum must be used for the area you are in to get an accurate location. The correct datum is the one that models the earth's surface in your area the most correctly

Question 38

what is passive infrared camera used for?

Answer 38

The standard cameras used for trail cameras. Used a. collecting remote sensing data b. record habitat and species data in oceans and freshwater bodies c. monitor wildlife behavior in real time d. reveal the reflective properties of wildlife pelages