Exam 1

Question 1

What is Blood?

Answer 1

Carries everything the body needs throughout the body down to a cellular level
*Connective tissue

Question 2

3 Components of blood

Answer 2

Cellular (RBC, WBC, Platelets)
Acellular (Dissolved substances)
Fluids (H2O)

Question 3

Cellular Component of Blood

Answer 3

Examples: RBC, WBC, Platelets
Function: Carry 02, Defense, Clotting

Question 4

Acellular Component of Blood

Answer 4

02, Albumin, Immunoglobulins, Enzymes, Electrolytes, Glucose, Insulin, Fats, Fibrinogen
Functions: Metabolism, Oncotic Pressure, Immunity, Action Potential, Energy, Regulate Blood Sugar, Energy, Clot Formation

Question 5

Fluids

Answer 5

H20

Functions: Thermoregulation, Solvent, Chemical Reactions, Transportation

Question 6

Venipuncture Site in Dogs

Answer 6

1. Jugular- largest amt. of blood
2. Cephalic
3. Recurrent Tarsal (lateral saphenous), good for mean dogs, IV inj., collapses easily
4. Ear vein- Capillary sample
5. Sublingual Vein- Good for sx pts.
6. Femoral Vein

Question 7

Venipuncture Site in Cats

Answer 7

1. Jugular- Preferred
2. Cephalic- Kittens for FELV
3. Femoral- Can’t draw more than 1 ml, good for IV inj.
4. Lateral Saphenous

Question 8

Needle Sizes

Answer 8

16- Swine (anterior vena cava)
18- Horse/cattle (jugular, tail vein in cattle)
20- Medium to large dogs (jugular), sheep/goats (jugular) , tail vein (cattle)
22- Cat/small dog (jugular), medium to large dog (cephalic)
25-Cat/dog (lateral saphenous, femoral, 1cc syringe)
<25-Bird (cutaneous ulnar, medial saphenous, jugular

Question 9

Lavender Top Tube (LTT)

Answer 9

Contents: EDTA
Use: CBC
Sample Management: Make blood film ASAP, platelet count within 4 hours

Question 10

Red Top Tube (RTT)

Answer 10

Contents: None
Use: Biochemistries
Sample Management: Allow to clot, spin, separate serum ASAP

Question 11

Serum Separator Tube (SST)

Answer 11

Contents: Gel (no anti-coag)
Use: Biochemistries
Sample Management: Clot, spin, gel lays on top of RBC to create barrier

Question 12

Grey Top Tube

Answer 12

Contents: Oxylate
Use: Blood glucose
Sample Management: Mix

Question 13

Green Top Tube

Answer 13

Contents: Heparin
Use: Blood gases
Sample Management: Mix

Question 14

BTT

Answer 14

Contents: Citrate
Use: Coagulation
Sample Management: Full, mix, spin, separate plasma, less than 6 hours fridge

Question 15

Blue RCT

Answer 15

Contents: None
Use: PCV/TP in conjunction with LTT

Question 16

Red RCT

Answer 16

Contents: Heparin
Use: PCV/TP directly from patient

Question 17

What is Included in a CBC?

Answer 17

RBC, platelet, PCV, TP/TS (amt. of protein), Hemoglobin, RDW (red cell dist. width), MPV (mean platelet volume), Indices (classify RBC size and hb content)

Question 18

Differential Smear

Answer 18

Done on a stained blood film

*The best evaluation of any cell count is microscopic evaluation of the blood film

Question 19

Feathered Edge

Answer 19

Look for WBC distribution, platelet clumping, abnormal cells, and microfilaria

Question 20

Monolayer

Answer 20

WBC are differentiated and counted until 100 cells are counted total, parasites may be seen

Question 21

Body

Answer 21

Look for RBC associations (rouleaux and agglutination)

Question 22

Hematocrit Centrifugation

Answer 22

Spin the tubes for 5 min. at 6000 rpm

Question 23

Hemolytic Plasma Cause

Answer 23

Shaking, too much negative BP, IV hemolysis

Question 24

Icteric Plasma Cause

Answer 24

Biliary stasis, carotenes, EV hemolysis

Question 25

Lipemic Plasma Cause

Answer 25

Post-prandial, hypothyroid, diabetes mellitus

Question 26

Wright's Stain

Answer 26

Jar 1- Wright's Stain (1-3 min) Jar 2- Buffer w/ Pipette of Wright's Stain (1 min) Jar 3- Distilled Water (7-10 one sec dips)

Question 27

Agglutination

Answer 27

Appears as clumps of RBCs (pancakes) *Will persist if use saline wash Never normal (antibodies attack own RBCs)

Question 28

Rouleaux

Answer 28

Appears as chains of RBCs *Will dissipate if use saline wash Normal

Question 29

RBC Morphology

Answer 29

``` Quantify all (mild, moderate, marked) Size, shape, color, +/- occlusions in the cell ```

Question 30

Platelet Estimate Ranges

Answer 30

Appears Adequate: 8-30/oil immersion field Appears Decreased: Fewer than 8/oil immersion field Appears Increased: Greater than 30/oil immersion field

Question 31

2 Divisions of Leukocytes

Answer 31

1. Granulocytes (have granules in cytoplasm, elongated dark dense segmented nucleus w/ dark chromatin) 2. Agranulocytes (no granules in the cytoplasm)

Question 32

Granules

Answer 32

Membrane bound package of chemicals

Question 33

Chromatin

Answer 33

Nuclear characteristics (chromosomes)

Question 34

Vacuoles

Answer 34

Empty package (clear/white)

Question 35

Granulocytes

Answer 35

1. Neutrophils (segs) 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils

Question 36

Agranulocytes ('Cytes)

Answer 36

1. Lymphocyte | 2. Monocytes

Question 37

Neutrophils (Segs)

Answer 37

Dark, dense segmented nucleus Granules stain neutral (no color, except ruminants --> purple, grey) Human medicine- PMN (poly morpho nuclear)

Question 38

Eosinophils

Answer 38

Dark, dense segmented nucleus Granules stain pinkish Dog- granules inconsistent size, shape, and number Cat- granules are uniform small refractile round which fill cytoplasm

Question 39

Basophils

Answer 39

Dark, dense segmented nucleus Granules stain blue Dog- light lavender color to cytoplasm with purple granules, inconsistent size, number, small Cat-Granules uniform round pale blue/grey which fill cytoplasm

Question 40

Lymphocytes

Answer 40

Nucleus is round/oval, may have cleft or bleb, smudged chromatin, cytoplasm is light grey/blue *High N:C ratio

Question 41

Monocytes

Answer 41

Nucleus is amoeboid (any shape), chromatin is "lacy", blue/grey cytoplasm that may contain vacuoles *Low N:C ratio

Question 42

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Answer 42

Neutrophil: 55-85% Lymphocyte: 15-45% Monos + Eos: 0-5% Basophil: rare

Question 43

RBC Production

Answer 43

-Stimulus for erythropoiesis is hypoxia -Kidneys produces EPO in response -EPO will cause pluripotential stem cell to differentiate into rubriblast and start maturation series Rubriblast, Prorubricyte, Rubricyte, Metarubricyt, Polychromatophic, Mature