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Hematology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Blood?

A

Carries everything the body needs throughout the body down to a cellular level
*Connective tissue

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2
Q

3 Components of blood

A

Cellular (RBC, WBC, Platelets)
Acellular (Dissolved substances)
Fluids (H2O)

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3
Q

Cellular Component of Blood

A

Examples: RBC, WBC, Platelets
Function: Carry 02, Defense, Clotting

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4
Q

Acellular Component of Blood

A

02, Albumin, Immunoglobulins, Enzymes, Electrolytes, Glucose, Insulin, Fats, Fibrinogen
Functions: Metabolism, Oncotic Pressure, Immunity, Action Potential, Energy, Regulate Blood Sugar, Energy, Clot Formation

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5
Q

Fluids

A

H20

Functions: Thermoregulation, Solvent, Chemical Reactions, Transportation

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6
Q

Venipuncture Site in Dogs

A
  1. Jugular- largest amt. of blood
  2. Cephalic
  3. Recurrent Tarsal (lateral saphenous), good for mean dogs, IV inj., collapses easily
  4. Ear vein- Capillary sample
  5. Sublingual Vein- Good for sx pts.
  6. Femoral Vein
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7
Q

Venipuncture Site in Cats

A
  1. Jugular- Preferred
  2. Cephalic- Kittens for FELV
  3. Femoral- Can’t draw more than 1 ml, good for IV inj.
  4. Lateral Saphenous
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8
Q

Needle Sizes

A

16- Swine (anterior vena cava)
18- Horse/cattle (jugular, tail vein in cattle)
20- Medium to large dogs (jugular), sheep/goats (jugular) , tail vein (cattle)
22- Cat/small dog (jugular), medium to large dog (cephalic)
25-Cat/dog (lateral saphenous, femoral, 1cc syringe)
<25-Bird (cutaneous ulnar, medial saphenous, jugular

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9
Q

Lavender Top Tube (LTT)

A

Contents: EDTA
Use: CBC
Sample Management: Make blood film ASAP, platelet count within 4 hours

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10
Q

Red Top Tube (RTT)

A

Contents: None
Use: Biochemistries
Sample Management: Allow to clot, spin, separate serum ASAP

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11
Q

Serum Separator Tube (SST)

A

Contents: Gel (no anti-coag)
Use: Biochemistries
Sample Management: Clot, spin, gel lays on top of RBC to create barrier

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12
Q

Grey Top Tube

A

Contents: Oxylate
Use: Blood glucose
Sample Management: Mix

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13
Q

Green Top Tube

A

Contents: Heparin
Use: Blood gases
Sample Management: Mix

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14
Q

BTT

A

Contents: Citrate
Use: Coagulation
Sample Management: Full, mix, spin, separate plasma, less than 6 hours fridge

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15
Q

Blue RCT

A

Contents: None
Use: PCV/TP in conjunction with LTT

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16
Q

Red RCT

A

Contents: Heparin
Use: PCV/TP directly from patient

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17
Q

What is Included in a CBC?

A

RBC, platelet, PCV, TP/TS (amt. of protein), Hemoglobin, RDW (red cell dist. width), MPV (mean platelet volume), Indices (classify RBC size and hb content)

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18
Q

Differential Smear

A

Done on a stained blood film

*The best evaluation of any cell count is microscopic evaluation of the blood film

19
Q

Feathered Edge

A

Look for WBC distribution, platelet clumping, abnormal cells, and microfilaria

20
Q

Monolayer

A

WBC are differentiated and counted until 100 cells are counted total, parasites may be seen

21
Q

Body

A

Look for RBC associations (rouleaux and agglutination)

22
Q

Hematocrit Centrifugation

A

Spin the tubes for 5 min. at 6000 rpm

23
Q

Hemolytic Plasma Cause

A

Shaking, too much negative BP, IV hemolysis

24
Q

Icteric Plasma Cause

A

Biliary stasis, carotenes, EV hemolysis

25
Q

Lipemic Plasma Cause

A

Post-prandial, hypothyroid, diabetes mellitus

26
Q

Wright’s Stain

A

Jar 1- Wright’s Stain (1-3 min)
Jar 2- Buffer w/ Pipette of Wright’s Stain (1 min)
Jar 3- Distilled Water (7-10 one sec dips)

27
Q

Agglutination

A

Appears as clumps of RBCs (pancakes)
*Will persist if use saline wash
Never normal (antibodies attack own RBCs)

28
Q

Rouleaux

A

Appears as chains of RBCs
*Will dissipate if use saline wash
Normal

29
Q

RBC Morphology

A 
Quantify all (mild, moderate, marked)
Size, shape, color, +/- occlusions in the cell
30
Q

Platelet Estimate Ranges

A

Appears Adequate: 8-30/oil immersion field
Appears Decreased: Fewer than 8/oil immersion field
Appears Increased: Greater than 30/oil immersion field

31
Q

2 Divisions of Leukocytes

A
  1. Granulocytes (have granules in cytoplasm, elongated dark dense segmented nucleus w/ dark chromatin)
  2. Agranulocytes (no granules in the cytoplasm)
32
Q

Granules

A

Membrane bound package of chemicals

33
Q

Chromatin

A

Nuclear characteristics (chromosomes)

34
Q

Vacuoles

A

Empty package (clear/white)

35
Q

Granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils (segs)
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
36
Q

Agranulocytes (‘Cytes)

A
  1. Lymphocyte

2. Monocytes

37
Q

Neutrophils (Segs)

A

Dark, dense segmented nucleus
Granules stain neutral (no color, except ruminants –> purple, grey)
Human medicine- PMN (poly morpho nuclear)

38
Q

Eosinophils

A

Dark, dense segmented nucleus
Granules stain pinkish
Dog- granules inconsistent size, shape, and number
Cat- granules are uniform small refractile round which fill cytoplasm

39
Q

Basophils

A

Dark, dense segmented nucleus
Granules stain blue
Dog- light lavender color to cytoplasm with purple granules, inconsistent size, number, small
Cat-Granules uniform round pale blue/grey which fill cytoplasm

40
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Nucleus is round/oval, may have cleft or bleb, smudged chromatin, cytoplasm is light grey/blue
*High N:C ratio

41
Q

Monocytes

A

Nucleus is amoeboid (any shape), chromatin is “lacy”, blue/grey cytoplasm that may contain vacuoles
*Low N:C ratio

42
Q

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

A

Neutrophil: 55-85%
Lymphocyte: 15-45%
Monos + Eos: 0-5%
Basophil: rare

43
Q

RBC Production

A

-Stimulus for erythropoiesis is hypoxia
-Kidneys produces EPO in response
-EPO will cause pluripotential stem cell to differentiate into rubriblast and start maturation series
Rubriblast, Prorubricyte, Rubricyte, Metarubricyt, Polychromatophic, Mature

Hematology (1 decks)

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