Exam 1

Question 1

FISHING

Answer 1

lots of variabilities, simplest GRAB A FISH, most complex (boats and traps), tends to be high protein low energy resource

Question 2

UNILINEAR EVOLUTIONISM

Answer 2

belief that human populations move in a linear fashion from savagery to barbarism to civilization, minority groups tend to fall into savage while white is civilization, 19th century, after Darwin, adopted by marx


Question 3

HISTORICAL PARTICULARISM

Answer 3

Boas, opposite unilinearism felt people were forcing into molds, societies are not based around stage in evolution but are instead the product of their location and history (for example interaction with neighbors) relies on diffusion, more about rejecting evolutionism

Question 4

CULTURE AREAS

Answer 4

Krober student of Boas, regions with multiple societies that share broad, social, economic, and political similarities but not language or ideology (ex plains vs great basin groups)

Question 5

CULTURAL ECOLOGY

Answer 5

Stewart,student of Krober, how the shared enviorment creates a culture area (why they share tools but not langue)

Question 6

“MAN THE HUNTER” CONFERENCE

Answer 6

1966 Chicago, goal to build a model of generalized HG society, Lee and Devore, combine all info on HGs and create a paleolithic model, realization they are too diverse, variability does not only come form exposure, exposed the shortcomings of this approach

Question 7

CARRYING CAPACITY

Answer 7

number of foragers that can be supported before returns fall below a viable threshold

Question 8

JOINER RULE

Answer 8

people will join a group until the cost outweighs the benefit

Question 9

FLUX

Answer 9

Trumbull, people can come and go as they please, in a modern world you cant just leave but in an HG group if you are in debt you can just go

Question 10

AGGREGATION

Answer 10

coming together of multiple groups, communal hunting, accidental meetings at watering holes, information exchange, maintain social networking

Question 11

PATCH

Answer 11

difficult to define but the territory of resource concentration


Question 12

CURRENCY

Answer 12

Resource that foragers are seeking to maximize-Usually calories but could be other things

Question 13

EXPIDIENT TECH

Answer 13

made quickly and cheaply to solve an issue when it is encountered, fast, at hand raw materials

Question 14

RELIABLE TECH

Answer 14

tools specifically designed for a targeted encounter , you know what you are going to find and the tool can not fail, expensive designs

Question 15

MAINTAINABLE TECH

Answer 15

designed to be repaired easily

Question 16

RETURN RATE

Answer 16

Ratio of currency returns to acquisition costs, Amount of food collected per unit time


Question 17

OPPORTUNITY COST

Answer 17

Trade-off in pursuing one resource instead of another, you can only invest into one thing at a time

Question 18

OPTIMAL FORAGING THEORY

Answer 18

Microeconomic perspective on foraging behavior•Foragers seek to maximize some currency (usually calories) calories in terms of acquisition cost (usually time)•Framework for predicting / explaining foraging behavior•Now mostly subsumed with human behavioral ecology theoretical framework

Question 19

BAND AKA MICRO

Answer 19

Modal group size = 25-aka “band” or “microband” BIRDSELL

Question 20

DIALECTAL TRIBE AKA MACRO

Answer 20

Modal tribal size = 500-aka “dialectical tribe”-aka “macroband”- BIRDSELL

Question 21

HUNTING

Answer 21

one thought to be main source of calories, thought to separate animals from human, only about 30% calories from from hunting, huge varieties, varies in return rates, common in some groups and not others, ambush (planned), pursuit (not planned),disadvantaging (river crossing)


Question 22

GATHERING

Answer 22

most calories, scholars ignored value, sometimes people know where to look and other times don’t

Question 23

SEARCH/SEARCH COST

Answer 23

predictable vs random distributed, space time, some things “cost” more to find but are valuable after finding

Question 24

ORIGINAL AFFLUENT SOCIETY

Answer 24

Belief HGS were thriving, material comfort, need to only work 20 hours a week so lots of leisure but
this only focussed on food an not the other stuff you need to survive, Sahlins

Question 25

FOOD SHARING

Answer 25

Altruism

Question 26

ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALOGY

Answer 26

looking at modern groups to create analogy for past

Question 27

MARGINAL VALUE THEOREM

Answer 27

model that usually describes the behavior of an optimally forgaing individualin a system where resources are located in discrete seperate patches divided by areas with no matches, determine time spent, increased time when patches are further apart or have poor resoruce