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Nursing 340 (pop Health) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Major changes of healthcare in 21st century

A
  1. Development of patient/client care
  2. Increased use of technology
  3. Increased personal responsibility
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2
Q

Eight principles of PHN

A
  1. The client or unit of care is the population
  2. Primary obligation is to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people or people as a whole
  3. Public health nurses collaborate with the client as an equal partner
  4. Primary prevention is the priority in selecting appropriate activities
  5. Public health nursing focuses on strategies that create healthy environmental, social, and economic conditions in which populations make thrive
  6. A public health nurse is obligated to actively identify and reach out to all who don’t benefit from a specific activity or service
  7. Optimal use of available resources and creation of new evidence- based strategies is necessary to assure the best overall improvement in the health of populations
  8. Collaboration with other professions, populations, organizations, and stakeholder groups is the most effect way to promote and protect the health of people
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3
Q

Challenged if PHN in 21st century

A
  1. Engaging in EBP
  2. Helping eliminate health disparities in underserved populations
  3. Demonstrating cultural competence
  4. Panning for community change
  5. Contributing to a safe and healthy environment
  6. Responding to emergencies, disasters, and terrorism
  7. Responding to the global environment
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4
Q

Purpose of comparing HC systems and philosophies

A
  • Gives understanding on how these systems work and ensure health and wellness of populations
  • helps set standards and initiatives for organizations like WHO, world bank, organizations for economic cooperation and development
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5
Q

US HC System

A
  • federal, state, local governments
  • federal regulation: food, drugs, devices, occupational health, environment
  • federal allocates tax funds to state govts
  • state: public health regularities
  • local: implement public health activities within communities
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6
Q

Canada health system

A
  • national health program: single-payer system with universal coverage
  • everyone had Medicare, fundings comes from personal, sales and corporate taxes
  • some federal transfer payments
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7
Q

France healthcare system

A
  • general health management and hospital and HC management
  • hierarchy like FDA (govt presents a law to parliament each year as a way to use public policy to finance a social security fund)
  • HC includes private, public and non for profit sectors that make sure the long wait lists aren’t as big an issue
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8
Q

Germany HC system

A
  • universal
  • private practice physicians provide ambulatory care
  • centralized nonprofit provide majority of inpatient care
  • sickness funds financed by public and private sectors
  • standard insurance comes from employer and employee contributions along with govt subsidies
  • option to pay a tax and opt out of standard plan and get private insurance instead
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9
Q

Netherlands HC

A
  • dual enrollment: all primary and acute care is financed from private, mandatory insurance
  • Social insurance is a long term care for elderly, dying, long term mentally ill is covered by taxes
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10
Q

United Kingdom’s HC

A
  • part of NHS
  • provides HC for UK
  • provides HC for all permanent residents of UK
  • people can choose own physician
  • NHS decentralized with access to cafe and prevention provided by the strategic health authorities
  • meds paid through a flat rate or annual capped charges
  • physicians contracted by NHS for salaries
  • hospitals owned and run by NHS
  • NHS revenues form taxes, employer-employee contributions and user fees and co payments
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11
Q

Characteristics of marginalized and oppressed

A
  • different genders and ethnicities
  • less education
  • low socioeconomic status
  • certain geographical errors
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12
Q

HC Implications for marginalized and oppressed

A
  • higher rates of morbidity and mortality
  • difficulty assessing care
  • negative outcomes when receiving care
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13
Q

Areas of care that are overseen for marginalized and oppressed

A
  • infant mortality
  • cancer screening
  • CVD
  • diabetes
  • HIV/aids
  • immunizations
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14
Q

Governmental agencies

A

Assess info regarding level of health in their jurisdiction, assure infrastructure (personnel and resources), legislate to support and implement health policy, recruiting skilled personnel, run report and gather data (even research)

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15
Q

Non governmental agencies

A

Use their resources to address and provide info/resources/care for a specific or a variety of health conditions. Have an important and impactful role in developing society, improving communities, and promoting citizen participation

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16
Q

WHO

A
  • World Health Organization
  • goal: attain highest level of health for all people
  • public health services
  • allow access to current info about disease and disability and establishing standards of care on the basis of evidence found in health research
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17
Q

CDC

A
  • center for Disease Control

- avoiding epidemics, recognizing trends, interventions

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18
Q

USDHHS

A
  • US department of health and human services

- protects health of all Americans and provides essential human services

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19
Q

International council of Nurses

A
  • federation of over 130 national nurses associations
  • represents 16 M nurses worldwide
  • formed 1899
  • goals are to ensure quality nursing care for all, sound health policies globally, the advancement of nursing knowledge, the presence worldwide of a respected nursing profession and competent and satisfied nursing workforce
  • active in international classification of nursing practice, advanced nursing practice, entrepreneurship, hiv/aids, tb, malaria, women’s health, primary HC, family health and safe water
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20
Q

Clinical model of health

A

Elimination of disease or symptoms

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21
Q

Role performance model of health

A

Health that involves a match between people and social roles

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22
Q

Adaptive model

A

Health that involves adaptation to environment

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23
Q

Eudaemonistic model

A

Health that is the actualization or realization of human potential (functioning physical, emotional and socially)

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24
Q

Which health model does the world collectively strive for

A

Eudaemonistic

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25
Q

Globally burden of disease definition

A

Risks to health and health outcomes in different demographic populations and social settings

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26
Q

What are some things that impact the GBD

A

Climate, public policy, age of population, socioeconomic conditions and risk factors

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27
Q

Examples of GBDs

A

Non communicable disease

Impact of disease burden

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28
Q

Risk factors affecting GBD

A
  • childhood and maternal malnutrition
  • other nutritional-related risk factors and inactivity
  • addictive substances
  • sexual and reproductive health
  • environmental risks
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29
Q

What are key determinants of health

A

Physical environment

Social environment

Health behaviors and coping skills

Individual health

Access to health services

Overall health policies and interventions

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30
Q

What are some worldwide barriers to health

A

Political factors:

Economic factors

Socioeconomic factors

**poor= less health

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31
Q

Purpose do sustainable development goals

A

To address inequalities between nations, but also within nations

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32
Q

Who created the sustainable developmental goals

A

World leaders (United Nations)

33
Q

Nurses impact on sustainable development goals

A
  • nurses understand link btw wider conditions on individual and population health
  • staying informed and continually educating ourselves on how to implement the SDGs
  • becoming a leader
  • reasoning your voice
34
Q

Primary level of prevention

A

Maximizing health and wellness through strategies that are set in place before the illness or injury is present

35
Q

Secondary level of prevention

A

Maximizing health and wellness through strategies set in place at the earliest and active chronic stages of injury and illness

36
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Maximizing health and wellness through strategies that are set in place at the palliation and end stage of disease and illness trajectories

37
Q

Behavioral models

A

Motivational interviewing: client centered communication style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients and groups explore and resolve ambivalence

Behavioral change models: models that assist clients, groups, and communities to redirect activities toward health and wellness

38
Q

Learning model

A

A behavior change model emphasizing reinforcement of social competence, problem solving, autonomy, and sense of purpose

39
Q

Health belief model

A

Baggier change model that considers the severity of the potential illness or physical challenge, the level of conceivable susceptibility, the benefits of taking preventative action, and the challenges that may be faced in taking action toward the goal of health promotion

40
Q

Trans theoretical model

A 
Phases:
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance 
Relapse
41
Q

Theory of reasoned action

A

Behavior model that emphasizes that individual performance of a given behavior is primarily determined by a persons intention to perform that behavior

42
Q

Social learning model

A

A behavior change model that considers environmental influences, personal factors and behavior as a means component of change

43
Q

Theories of social support

A

Family members, friends, neighbors, and adjacent communities influencing change by offering instrumental assistance, informational support, emotional support, and or appraising support

44
Q

Relapse prevention model

A

Negative emotional state

Lack of or limited coping skills

Decreased motivation

Stress

High risk experiences

45
Q

Ecological model

A

Belief that all processes occurring within individual people and their environment should be viewed as interdependent

46
Q

Health literacy definition

A

The degree to which someone can obtain, process and understand basic health info to make appropriate health decisions

47
Q

What is the role of nursing education in health literacy

A

Helps increase and individuals level of health literacy and helps them make proper health decisions about their cars

48
Q

Populations at risk of lack of health literacy

A 
65+
Limited edu or income
Non native English speakers
Racial and ethnic minority groups
Event airs  and immigrants
Adults with any type of disability, difficulty or illness
49
Q

Implications of low health literacy

A

Impacts everyday functioning

Probably won’t use internet for health related issues

50
Q

Three levels of health literacy

A

Functional

Interactive

Critical

51
Q

Nurses and health literacy

A
  • understand the three levels of health literacy
  • change resource type to help pt understand it best
  • make sure info is easy to access
52
Q

Epidemiology definition

A

Study of distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations; used both as a research methodology to study states of health and illness, and as a body of knowledge that results from study of a specific state of health or illness

53
Q

Epidemiological triad

A

Model based on belief that health status is determined by the interaction of characteristics of the host, agent and environment

54
Q

Wheel of causation

A

De emphasizing the agent as the sole cause of disease, whereas it emphasizes the interplay of physical, biological and social environment, with or without identifiable agent, remains major determinant of health status in all epidemiological models

55
Q

Web of causation

A

Epidemiological model that strongly emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de emphasizing the role of agents in explaining illness

56
Q

Natural history model

A

Integrates the pathogenesis of an illness with primary, secondary and tertiary prevention measures

57
Q

What is a risk factor

A

Characteristics or events that have been shown to increase the probability that a specific disease of illness will develop

58
Q

NP vs EP assessment

A

NP: individual client database established, data interpreted

EP: data gathered form reliable sources, nature/extent/scope of problem identified, problem described by person/place/time

59
Q

NP vs EP diagnosis

A

Np: HC needs and assets identified, goals and objectives for cafe established

EP: tentative hypothesis formulated, data analyzed to test hypothesis

60
Q

NP VS EP PLANNING

A

Np: processes for achieving goals selected

Ep: plans made for control and prevention of condition or event

61
Q

Np vs ep implementation

A

Np: actions initiated to achieve goals

Ep: actions initiated to implement plan

62
Q

Np vs el evaluation

A

Np: extent of goal achievement is determined

Ep: actions are evaluated and report is prepared, further research is conducted if necessary

63
Q

Rate definition

A

Primary measurement used to describe the occurrence of a state of health in a specific group of people in a given period of time

64
Q

Crude rate definition

A

Measurement of occurrence of health problem or condition being investigated in entire population

65
Q

Prevalence rate

A

Measures number of people in given population who have and existing condition at a given point in time

66
Q

Incidence rate

A

Measure the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that conditions over a period of time

67
Q

Incidence density ratio

A

Use of person-time denominator in calculation of rates; person day reflects one person at risk for a day and a person year represents one person at risk for a year

68
Q

Proportion

A

A type of ratio that includes the quantity in numerator as part of denominator

69
Q

Specific rate

A

Detailed rates that are calculated using the number of people in smaller subgroups of population in denominator

70
Q

Relative risk ratio

A

Ratio of incidence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in non exposed group

71
Q

Attributable risk

A

Difference btw incidence rates in exposed and unexposed group of people

72
Q

Adjusted rate

A

Statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in compositions of a population, such as age, when comparing one or another

73
Q

Epidemiological study cycle

A

1 descriptive study
2 model building/hypothesis formulation
3 analytical/hypothesis testing studies
4 analysis of results

Continuous cycle

74
Q

Descriptive research

A

Classifies, describes, compares, measures data

75
Q

Analytical research

A

Focuses on cause and effect

Why is it that way and how it came to be

76
Q

Types of descriptive studies

A

Case studies, surgery research, cross sectional studies

77
Q

Cohort studies

A

Type of analytical study Longitudinal studies
Monitor subjects over time to find associations between risk factors and health outcomes
Established relative risk

78
Q

Case control study

A

Work backward from effect to suspected cause

Subjects selected based on presence or absence of controlled disease

Groups compared to determine presence of specific exposures or risk factors

79
Q

Experimental studies

A

Can be used in preventative trials focusing on primary prevention

Nursing 340 (pop Health) (1 decks)

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