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Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Anthropological Subfields

A

physical/bio anthropology
archaeology
linguistics
cultural anthropology

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2
Q

society

A

group of people who share a common habitat or territory, interact on a regular basis, mutually dependent upon each other in some way

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3
Q

ethnography

A

systematic description of a culture based on first hand experience

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4
Q

cultural relativism

A

no culture is inherently superior or inferior to any other

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5
Q

anthropology

A

the academic discipline that studies all of humanity

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6
Q

applied anthropology

A

uses all four major subfields to help solve real world problems

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7
Q

archaeology

A

investigates the human past through excavation and analysis of material remains

prehistoric and historic

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8
Q

biological anthropology

A

studies the biological dimensions of humans and other primates

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9
Q

primatology

A

study evolution, anatomy, adaptation, and social behavior of primates

Jane Goodall- tool making in chimps

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10
Q

human variation

A

study how/why human populations vary physically due to heredity, genetic factors

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11
Q

paleoanthropology

A

investigates biological evolution of the human species

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12
Q

cultural anthropology

A

study of contemporary and historically recent human societies and cultures

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13
Q

anthropological linguistics

A

focuses on interrelationships between language and other aspects of culture

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14
Q

globalization

A

process by which peoples of the world’s nations participate in a single system that encompasses all people and nations

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15
Q

holistic perspective

A

no single aspect of human culture can be understood unless it’s relationships to other aspects of the culture are explored.

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16
Q

Comparative Perspective

A

Insistence that valid hypotheses & theories about humanity be tested with info from a wide range of cultures

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17
Q

Cultural Realism

A

One shouldn’t judge the behavior of other peoples using the standards of ones own culture

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18
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that the moral standards, manners, attitudes of one culture are superior to those of other cultures

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19
Q

E.B. Tylor

A

One of the founders of cultural anthropology

Wrote - “Primitive Culture”

Ex: religion to explain the unexplainable

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20
Q

Cultural Knowledge

A

Attitudes, beliefs, conceptions, rules, values, standards, perceptions, and other info learned while growing up

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21
Q

Patterns of Behavior

A

Behavior most people perform within a culture when they are in certain culturally defined situations

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22
Q

Cultural Integration

A

Interrelationships among the various components of a cultural system

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23
Q

Culture

A

Socially learned knowledge and patterns of behavior shared by some group of people

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24
Q

Cultural Identity

A

Individuals define themselves partly by the cultural group in which they were born and raised

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25
Subculture
Cultural variations that exist within a single nation
26
Enculturation
Transmission of cultural knowledge to the next generation
27
Role
Rights and duties that individuals receive because of their identity or membership in a social group
28
Material Culture
Artifacts or other physical, visible manifestations of culture
29
Norms
Shared ideals about how certain people ought to act in given situations
30
Values
Shared ideas about the worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles
31
Symbols
Objects, behaviors, sound combinations, and other phenomena whose culturally defined meanings have no necessary relationship to their inherent physical qualities
32
Classifications of Reality
Ways in which the members of a culture divide up the natural and social world into categories
33
Worldview
Way people interpret reality and events, including how they see themselves related to the world around them
34
Philip Lieberman
Investigated the origins of language
35
Cultural Determinism
Notion that the beliefs and behaviors of individuals are largely programmed by their culture
36
Biological Determinism
Idea that biologically inherited differences between populations are important influences on cultural differences between them
37
Cultural Universals
Elements of culture that exist in all known human groups and societies
38
Diachronic
through time
39
Synchronic
without time (present)
40
Early Examples of Anthropological Thinking
Herodotus: recorder of customs and beliefs | Ibn-Khaldun: scientific study of society
41
Enlightenment Examples of Anthropological Thinking
Thomas Hobbes-we are naturally warlike, native americans are window to human nature John Locke-we are naturally peaceful/reasonable Jean-Jacques Rousseau-things are getting worse over time Immanual Kant-things are getting better over time
42
Anthropological Theory
A system of assumptions, accepted principles, rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or explain social phenomena/behavior
43
Criminal Behavior Theories
Born criminals, psychological, sociologial
44
Cultural Evolution
Gradual, structural change in human culture savagery-barbarism-civilization
45
Lewis H. Morgan
Studied Iriquox Indians Unilineal Evolution
46
Morgan Theory of Evolution
Lower Savagery-wild fruit and nut subsistence Middle Savagery-fish subsistence and fire technology Upper Savagery-bow and arrow technology Lower Barbarism-pottery Middle Barbarism-domestication of animals, cultivation of maize Upper Barbarism-iron technology Civilization-phonetic alphabet and writing
47
Psychic Unity of Mankind
Human minds have the same capability of evolve
48
Karl Marx
Communist manifesto
49
Historical Materialism
Economics explains course of history Substructure (economics) shapes super structure (religion, politics, etc)
50
19th Century Cultural Assumptions
1. Evolution is unilinear 2. Psychic Unity and Independent Invention 3. Progress of Reason 4. Cultures at the same stage today are like cultures at the same stage in the past 5. Ideas about cultural evolution were combined with ideas about racial hierarchy
51
Franz Boas
Father of American anthropology Challenged notions of cultural evolution as well as racial hierarchy Studied Bella Coola
52
Summary of Boas' Influences on Anthropology
1. Argued for the detailed historical investigation of specific cultures 2. Critic of the idea of "primitive mentality" 3. Argued against explanations based on race 4. Laid the foundation for modern concept/definition of culture
53
Army Alpha Test
Intelligence test developed by Robert Yerkes
54
Functionalism
Society is a system of interrelated parts that work together
55
Bronislaw K. Malinowski
3 types of needs: Primary (food, shelter); Secondary (animal needs filtered through human needs); Integrative (myths, beliefs, values) Emphasized needs of individuals Trobriand Islanders, New Guinea
56
A.R. Radcliffe-Brown
How cultural practices function to maintain society's equilibrium, holding society together Focused on needs of societies Joking/Avoidance relationships
57
Charles Darwin
Established possibility that humans evolved from apes
58
Historical Particularism
Each culture is the unique product of all the influences to which it was subjected in its past
59
Configurationalism
Each culture historically develops its own unique thematic patterns around which beliefs, values, and behaviors are oriented
60
Neoevolutionism
Rebirth of evolutionary approaches to the theoretical study of culture
61
Scientific Approaches
Human cultural differences/similarities can be explained in the same sense as biologists explain life and its evolution
62
Evolutionary Psychology
Emphasis that humans are animals and so are subject to similar evolutionary forces as other animals Edward O. Wilson
63
Humanistic Approach
Rejects attempts to explain culture in general in favor of achieving an empathetic understanding of particular cultures
64
Interpretive Anthropologistics
Analyze cultural elements by explicating their meanings to people and understanding them in their local context Clifford Geertz
65
Postmodernists
Methods and assumptions of all science are themselves culturally situated and culturally bound
66
Ethnographic Fieldwork
Collection of info from living people about their way of life
67
Ethnohistoric Research
Study of past cultures using written accounts and other documents
68
Recall Ethnography
Attempt to reconstruct a cultural system at an earlier period by interviewing older individuals who lived during that period
69
Participant Observation
Main technique used in conducting ethnographic fieldwork, involving living among a people and participating in their daily activities
70
Ethnohistory
Study of past cultural systems through the use of written records
71
Cross-Cultural Comparisons
Methodology for testing a hypothesis using a sample of societies drawn from around the world
72
Controlled Comparisons
Comparative use of historically documented changes in particular groups of societies over time to define general cultural patterns and to test hypothses

Anthropology (3 decks)

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