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Psychology Research Methods > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Replicability

A

The studies can be replicated, finding the same thing, showing reliability

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2
Q

Empirical methods

A

Collecting evidence through observation and experience

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3
Q

Objectivity

A

Reducing bias so the results are not influenced or distorted

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4
Q

Falsifiabiliyy

A

A theory is scientific if it can be either proved correct or proved incorrect

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5
Q

Theory construction

A

Creating a principle or set of laws to explain events or behaviours

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6
Q

Hypothesis testing

A

Making a prediction on a theory and testing it

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7
Q

Paradigm

A

A set of assumptions and methods within a science

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8
Q

Null hypothesis

A

The statement of no difference, correlation association between variables bearing studies

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9
Q

Reliability

A

The quality of being trustworthy, dependable or consistent

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10
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which something is true or real

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11
Q

Internal validity

A

How a study was conducted to create a correlation between the actions of the study and the outcome

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12
Q

External validity

A

How the outcome of a study can apply in other settings

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13
Q

Learning theory

A

A set of theories from the behaviouristic approach that emphasises learning in the acquisition of behaviour

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14
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning to associate two stimuli with each other, so that we respond the same way to one as we do the other

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15
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning from consequences of behaviour. Behaviour s reinforced by its consequences. If negative behaviour shown, punishment will reduce the chance of the behaviour reocurring

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16
Q

Experiment

A

Involves manipulating the IV to record the effect on the DV

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17
Q

Aim

A

a general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate

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18
Q

Independent variable

A

An aspect of the experiment that is changed by the researcher or changes naturally so the effect on the DV can be measured

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19
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that is measured by the researcher

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

A clear testable statement stating the relationship between the variable to be investigated

21
Q

Operationalisation

A

Clearing defining variable in terms of how they are measured

22
Q

Non-directional hypothesis

A

Does not state the direction of the difference

23
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

States the direction of the difference

24
Q

Correlations

A

When you can’t manipulate an IV to change the DV, instead you are investigating a correlation

25
Extraneous variable
Any variable, other than the independent variable, that may affect the dependent variable if its not controlled
26
Confounding variable
En EV where a confounding variable varies systematically with the IV. Therefore we can’t tell if any change in DV is due to the IV or the confounding variable
27
Demand characteristics
Any cue from the researcher or from the research situation that may be interpreted by participants as revealing the purpose of an investigation
28
Investigator effects
Any effect of the investigators behaviour on the research outcome
29
Randomisation
Used to minimise the effects of some extraneous variables
30
Attrition
When people drop of a study
31
Standardisation
Using exactly the same formalised procedures and instructions for all participants in area search study
32
Randomisation
The use of chance methods to control for the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of experimental conditions
33
Counter balancing
An attempt to contro the effects of order in repeated measures design Half the participants experience the conditions in one order, and the other half in the opposite order
34
Random allocation
An attempt to control variable in an independent groups design which ensures that each participant has the same chance of being in one condition as any other
35
Matched pairs design
Pairs of participants matched on some variable that may effect the dependent variable. Then, one member from each pair is assigned to a different condition from the experiment
36
What does matched pairs attempt to do?
Control the confounding variable of participant variables
37
Repeated measures
All participants take part in all conditions of the experiment
38
Experimental design
The different ways the participants can be organised in relation to the experimental conditions
39
Independent groups
Participant are allocated to different groups where each group represents one experimental condition
40
Lab experiment
An experiment that takes place in a controlled environment where the researcher manipulates the ic and record the effect on the DV
41
Field experiment
An experiment that takes place in a natural setting where the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect it has on the DV
42
Natural experiment
An experiment where the changes in the IV is not set by the researcher, and would happen even without the researcher. They record the effects of the DV
43
Quasi-experiment
A study that is almost an experiment but the IV
44
What are the strengths of laboratory experiments?
High control over confounding and extraneous variables so the researchers can be sure that the IV caused the effect on the DV Because of the high level of control lab experiments on more replicable than other experiments
45
What are the limitations of lab experiments
The lack generalisability, And are artificial also have low external validity Participants may show a natural behaviour when they know they’re being tested the tasks carried out like mundane realism
46
What are the strengths of field experiments?
Hi mundane realism therefore higher external validity
47
What are the limitations of field experiments
Less control of CVs and EVs there are ethical issues if participants do not know they’re being studied because they cannot consent and the study would be an invasion of privacy
48
What are the strengths of natural experiments
High external validity
49
What are the limitations of natural experiments
Naturally occurring events may only happen rarely reducing research opportunities and limiting generalisation

Psychology Research Methods (5 decks)

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