Exam 1

Question 1

when is electron density the highest?

Answer 1

at the nucleus

Question 2

how many p orbitals are there?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

define isotopes

Answer 3

atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons

Question 4

define mass number

Answer 4

protons + neutrons

Question 5

define valence electrons

Answer 5

electrons in the outermost shell

Question 6

what principle states that the lowest energy orbital must be filled first?

Answer 6

Aufbau principle

Question 7

ionic bonding is AKA

Answer 7

the transfer of electrons

Question 8

ionic bonding occurs in…

Answer 8

atoms of opposite charge

Question 9

covalent bonding is AKA

Answer 9

the sharing of electrons

Question 10

describe a nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 10

the even sharing of electrons

Question 11

describe polar covalent bonds

Answer 11

the uneven sharing of electrons

Question 12

electronegativity trend on the periodic table

Answer 12

increases from L -> R

increases from bottom to top

Question 13

C—-H bonds are considered to be

Answer 13

nonpolar

Question 14

formula for formal charges

Answer 14

formal charge = [group #] - [nonbonding] - 1/2 [shared]

Question 15

define a node

Answer 15

the midpoint of a wave where amplitude = 0

Question 16

what is the term that describes combining orbital between 2 different atoms?

Answer 16

bond formation-molecular obitals

Question 17

describe the formation of sigma bonding

Answer 17

when the 1s orbitals of two H atoms overlap

Question 18

describe the formation of sigma antibonding

Answer 18

when two 1s orbitals overlap out of phase

Question 19

which has higher energy, sigma bonding or sigma antibonding?

Answer 19

sigma antibonding

Question 20

a double bond consists of

Answer 20

• a sigma bond

- a pi bond a

Question 21

a triple bond consists of

Answer 21

• a sigma bond

- 2 pi bonds

Question 22

define isomers

Answer 22

molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangement

Question 23

constitutional isomers differ in

Answer 23

the bonding sequence

Question 24

stereoisomers differ in

Answer 24

the arrangements of atoms in space

Question 25

constitutional isomers have different

Answer 25

physical properties

Question 26

of isomers increases as the # of ______ increases

Answer 26

carbon atoms

Question 27

what are 2 examples of geometrical isomers?

Answer 27

cis- and trans- isomers

Question 28

increased surface area =

Answer 28

higher boiling point

Question 29

increased branching =

Answer 29

lower boiling point

Question 30

what type of strong attraction occurs in hydrogen bonding?

Answer 30

dipole-diploe

Question 31

what must molecules have to form a hydrogen bond?

Answer 31

N-H or O-H bonds

Question 32

why do O-H bonds have stronger hydrogen bonding than N-H bonds?

Answer 32

bc O-H bonds are more polar than N-H bonds

Question 33

how does hydrogen bonding affect boiling point?

Answer 33

it increases b.p.

Question 34

what are the 3 broad classes?

Answer 34

1. hydrocarbons 2. compounds w/ O 3. compounds w/ N

Question 35

What are the 6 types of hydrocarbons?

Answer 35

1. alkanes 2. cycloalkanes 3. alkenes 4. cycloalkenes 5. alkynes 6. aromatic

Question 36

describe alkanes

Answer 36

single bonds between all carbons

Question 37

describe cycloalkanes

Answer 37

sp3 carbons that form a ring

Question 38

describe alkenes

Answer 38

double bonds are present (sp2)

Question 39

describe cycloalkenes

Answer 39

a ring with a double bond

Question 40

describe alkynes

Answer 40

triple bonds are present (sp)

Question 41

describe aromatics

Answer 41

contain a benzene ring

Question 42

what suffix do alkenes contain?

Answer 42

-ene

Question 43

what suffix do alkynes contain?

Answer 43

-yne

Question 44

what are the 5 types of compounds w/ O?

Answer 44

1. alcohols 2. ethers 3. aldehydes 4. ketones 5. carboxylic acids

Question 45

describe ethers

Answer 45

contain 2 alkyl groups bonded to an O R-O-R

Question 46

describe aldehydes and ketones

Answer 46

contain a carbonyl group (C=O)

Question 47

describe carboxylic acids

Answer 47

contain a carboxyl group (-COOH)

Question 48

What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones?

Answer 48

aldehydes have C=O w/ H ketones have C=O w/ 2C

Question 49

suffix used for aldehydes

Answer 49

-al

Question 50

suffix used for ketones

Answer 50

-one

Question 51

suffix used for carboxylic acids

Answer 51

-oic acid

Question 52

what are the 3 types of compounds w/ N

Answer 52

1. amines 2. amides 3. nitriles

Question 53

describe amines

Answer 53

derivative of ammonia | -NH2

Question 54

describe amides

Answer 54

derivative of carboxylic acid w/ a N

Question 55

describe nitriles

Answer 55

contain a cyano group | -C---N