Exam 1

Question 1

All of the following are correct regarding alpha-2-macroglobulin except_____.

Answer 1

its target is the membrane-attack complex on human cells

Question 2

Extraphagosomal production of enzymes that neutralizes superoxide reticles occurs. Specifically, superoxide dismutase metabolizes this superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, which is further metabolized by catalase to innocuous water and molecular oxygen.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a contribute physiologically to inflammation during complement activation.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

With which of the following complement proteins does C-reactive protein interact?

Answer 4

C1

Question 5

Which of the following is the membrane-bound form of C3 convertase of the alternative pathway of complement activation?

Answer 5

C3bBb

Question 6

Which of the following properties is common to macrophages and neutrophils in an uninfected individual?

Answer 6

Ability to phagocytose

Question 7

_____ binds to and retains NFkB in the cytosol.

Answer 7

IkB

Question 8

Which of the following polymerizes to form a transmembrane channel that compromises the integrity of cell membranes?

Answer 8

C9

Question 9

Soluble effector molecules are effective when encountering pathogens in the body, except in/on ___

Answer 9

cytoplasm

Question 10

which of the following complement components is an opsonin that binds to complement receptor 1 (CR1) on macrophages?

Answer 10

C3b

Question 11

During an infection, _____ are mobilized in large numbers from the bone marrow.

Answer 11

neutrophils

Question 12

The spleen differs from other secondary lymphoid organs in which of the following ways?

Answer 12

It has no connection w/ the lymphatics.

Question 13

Phagocytosis of either microbes or microbial constituents by macrophages is followed by the activation of macrophages and the secretion of cytokines. The cytokines released by activated macrophages have three principal effects. Some cytokines act as chemoattractants and recruit other leukocytes into the infected tissue, for example neutrophils, which efficiently phagocytose and kill bacteria, forming pus. Other cytokines act on the endothelial cells of local blood vessels to increase vascular permeability and vasodilation, thus initiating inflammation of the infected tissue.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Answer 14

innate immunity : highly specialized defenses

Question 15

_____ help prevent systemic bacterial dissemination by producing chromatin strands loaded with antimicrobial substances

Answer 15

neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

Question 16

immune cells within the lymphatic circulation are directly deposited into which of the following anatomical sites so that the cells may reenter the bloodstream.

Answer 16

left subclavian vein

Question 17

____ cells persist long after an individual has been vaccinated

Answer 17

memory

Question 18

_______is/are needed to minimize the damaging effects to neighboring cells during a respiratory burst

Answer 18

catalase

Question 19

all of the following are correct in reference to type 1 interferons except ____

Answer 19

the receptor for type 1 interferons is abundant in the cytosol

Question 20

during inflammation, host tissue may be damaged owing to the release of toxic oxygen derivatives produced by activated macrophages and neutrophils

Answer 20

True

Question 21

the first line of defense against microorganisms that infect the body is referred to as_____

Answer 21

innate immunity

Question 22

_____ are soluble complement fragments that mediate localized and systemic inflammatory responses.

Answer 22

anaphylatoxins

Question 23

lectins recognize microbial _____.

Answer 23

carbohydrates

Question 24

The ______ is (are) the lymphoid organ(s) that filter(s) the blood.

Answer 24

spleen

Question 25

Which of the following statements are correct?

Answer 25

Macrophages derive from monocytes and reside in the tissues.

Question 26

During the formation of the membrane-attack complex, it is important to expose the hydrophobic sites of C7 and C8, because these sites enable anchoring of these two complement components into the membrane of the pathogen. Once anchored in the membrane, the hydrophobic site of C8 facilitates C9 polymerization, which completes the formation of the membrane-attack complex.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Only the classical pathway is considered part of the adaptive immune response because of the requirement for antibody. However, the classical pathway is also considered part of the innate immunity because of the ability of C-reactive protein, an acute-phase protein, ro activate. The other pathways are considered part of innate immunity because they are initiated independently of antibody.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

The enzyme responsible for cleaving C3 into C3a and C3b is called C3 convertase, and it differs in composition depending on the particular complement pathway. The classical and lectin pathways use the classical C3 convertase (C4b2a), whereas the alternative pathway uses the alternative convertase (C3bBb).

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Which following describes the flow of lymph nodes draining an infected tissue?

Answer 29

Afferent lymphatic vessel >>> lymph node >>> efferent lymphatic vessel

Question 30

Which of the following is not characteristics of innate immunity?

Answer 30

improvement in recognition of the pathogen during the response

Question 31

The name given to cytokines that result cells to move towards areas of inflammation is ____.

Answer 31

chemokines

Question 32

Identify which of the following receptors does not lead to nuclear translocation of NFkB through an activated IKK intermediate.

Answer 32

All of the above receptors culminate in the nuclear translocation of NFkB through an activated IKK intermediate

Question 33

What is the name given to the earliest intracellular vesicle that contains material opsonized by macrophages?

Answer 33

Phagosome

Question 34

The C3 convertase that functions in the lectin pathway of complement activation consists of _______.

Answer 34

C4b2a

Question 35

An adaptor protein (ASC) in the inflammasome is required to link _____ to the NOD-like receptor NLRP3.

Answer 35

Procaspase-1

Question 36

Toll-like receptors are located ____.

Answer 36

On the plasma membrane and endosomal membranes

Question 37

Which of the following is the predominant route by which pathogens are brought from a site of infection into lymph node?

Answer 37

Afferent lymphatics

Question 38

vaccination is best described as prevention of severe disease by _____.

Answer 38

prior exposure to an infection agent in an attenuated or weakened form

Question 39

which of the following are important in anchoring the membrane-attack complex to the membrane?

Answer 39

C7 and C8

Question 40

Identify the complement pathway activated by the given signal. Answers can moved than once.

Answer 40

``` Antibody = classical pathway C-reactive protein = classical pathway MBL = lectin pathway Spontaneous = alternative pathway Microbial surface = alternative pathway ```

Question 41

Order the complement pathways in the order in which they are utilized by the innate immune system.

Answer 41

1. Classical pathway 2. Alternative pathway 3. Lectin pathway

Question 42

order the steps in neutrophils exiting at the site of infection.

Answer 42

a. Dilation of blood vessels b. Loose adhesion results in neutrophil rolling c. Upregulation of selection on endothelial cells chemokine signaling induces high affinity integrin d. LFA-1/CAM-1 interaction results in firm adhesion e. Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells f. Neutrophil migration to site of infection