Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 322 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(80 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

By definition, veins carry blood _____ the heart

A

toward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most of the proteins in the blood are made by the ______

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blood makes up about ____% of body weight in an average person

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the components of the blood from most to least numerus

A

erythrocytes > platelets > neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes > eosinophils > basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

________ _____ cells have the most F-type cation channels

A

Sinoatrial nodal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Most of the gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange occurs in the ______

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Electrical activity conducts the slowest through the ________ node

A

atrioventricular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Order the parts of the heart from the first to depolarize to the last

A

sinoatrial node –> atrial cardiomyocytes –> atrioventricular node –> bundles of His –> Purkinje fibers –> majority of ventricular cardiomyocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

By definition, arteries carry blood _____ the heart

A

away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are arterioles and venules visible without a microscope?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The diameter of a ______ is about the same diameter of a single red blood cell

A

capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Males tend to have a ______ hematocrit than females

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The _____ of a blood vessel has a greater influence on the flow of blood

A

radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blood flow through a section of an arteriole is _____ near the wall of the blood vessel

A

slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The atrioventricular valves open when pressure is higher in the ______

A

atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The semilunar valves are open when pressure is higher in the _______

A

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The action potential of atrial cardiomyocytes has a ______ plateau phase than that of ventricular cardiomyocytes

A

shorter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T or F: we need a large pressure difference across an open valve to get blood flow

A

False (only a small difference)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

All the cardiomyocytes in the ventricles are linked by ___ _______

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Near the _____ is where the ventricular walls contract first

A

apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A resting cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to ______

A

potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

During the plateau phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to ______

A

calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

During the repolarization phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to _______

A

potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

During the upswing of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to ______

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The activation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to _____
depolarization
26
The inactivation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to ______
repolarization/hyperpolarization
27
F-type cation channels open in response to ______
repolarization/hyperpolarization
28
Inward-rectifying potassium channels open in response to _______
repolarization/hyperpolarization
29
L-type calcium channels open in response to _______
depolarization
30
Slow voltage-gated potassium channels open in response to ______
depolarization
31
_______ are the most common proteins in the blood
Albumins
32
If blood is allowed to clot before being separated in a centrifuge, the fluid at the top of the tube is called _____
serum
33
The driving force for bulk flow is _______ _______
pressure differences
34
The extracellular fluid of the blood is called _____ and makes up about ___% of the blood
plasma, 55%
35
The goal of the cardiovascular system is to get blood to the _______ because that's where gas, nutrient, and waster product exchange can occur
capillaries
36
The resistance to blood flow is due to ______
friction
37
If a blood sample contains 2.5 mL of red blood cells, 0.1 mL of white blood cells, and 2.9 mL of extracellular fluid, what is the hematocrit?
(2.5 / 5.5) x 100 = 45.5%
38
The _____, ______, and ______ are the components of the circulatory system
heart, blood, and blood vessels
39
The ______ ______ is another name for the circulatory system
cardiovascular system
40
What is the deterministic equation for bulk flow?
flow (F) = change in pressure (delta P) / resistance (R)
41
In normal physiology, if one cardiomyocyte ______, they all ______
depolarize, depolarize
42
The first part of the slow depolarization phase in a nodal cell is due to the opening of _____ _____ _____
F-type cation channels
43
The second part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of ______ _______ ______
T-type calcium channels
44
The upswing of the action potential in a nodal cell is due to the opening of _____ _____ _____
L-type calcium channels
45
_______ determine the distribution of blood flow
Arterioles
46
The intrinsic heart rate is ______ (both definition and value)
The heart rate when you take the heart out of the body (100 beats per minute)
47
The ______ ______ is normally the first area to depolarize
sinoatrial node
48
The ______ ______ electrically connects the atria to the ventricles
atrioventricular node
49
The _____ _____ is the normal pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial node
50
The main function of the atria of the heart is to ______
store blood during systole
51
The main function of the ventricles of the heart is to ______
produce pressure to drive blood flow
52
The purpose of the papillary muscles in the ventricles is to ______
prevent AV valve prolapse
53
What is the deterministic equation for resistance to blood flow?
resistance (R) = (8 x length (L) x viscosity) / pi x radius (r)^4
54
What are the 4 types of ion channels in a cardiomyocyte?
Inward-rectifying K+ channels Fast voltage-gated sodium channels L-type Ca2+ channels Slow voltage-gated K+ channels
55
What are the 5 types of ion channels in a nodal cell?
``` F-type cation channels T-type Ca2+ channels L-type Ca2+ channels Slow voltage-gated K+ channels Inward-rectifying K+ channels ```
56
Calcium must enter through ____ ____ ____ in the T-tubule of cardiomyocytes in order for _______ _______ to open
L-type calcium channels, ryanodine receptors
57
A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause _____ deflection on the ECG
no deflection
58
A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause _____ deflection on the ECG
no deflection
59
______ refers to contraction of the heart
Systole
60
______ refers to relaxation in the heart
Diastole
61
The two phases of systole are:
1. isovolumetric ventricular contraction | 2. Ventricular ejection
62
The two phases of diastole are: _______ What happens at the end of the second phase?
1. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation | 2. Ventricular filling (end of phase 2 = atrial systole)
63
What are the waves on an ECG and what in the heart causes each wave?
P wave: depolarization of the atria Q wave: depolarization of the interventricular septum (bundles of His) R wave: depolarization of most of the walls of the ventricles S wave: depolarization of the base of the ventricles T wave: repolarization of the ventricles
64
The cardiomyocyte _____ _____ is about as long as systole
action potential
65
Cardiomyocytes never experience _____
tetanus
66
Cardiomyocytes do not use _______ to generate greater tension
summation
67
In response to a single action potential in a cardiomyocyte, there is not enough _____ enters the sarcoplasm to saturate _____
calcium, troponin
68
The ______ return varies throughout the cardiac cycle
venous
69
The first heart sound marks the beginning of _______
systole
70
The second heart sound marks the beginning of _______
diastole
71
You can only hear blood flow when blood flow is _______
turbulent
72
When cardiac muscle contracts, the compliance of the atrium or the ventricle _______
decreases
73
A stenosis in either atrioventricular valve is heard between the ______ and ______ heart sound
Second, first
74
A stenosis in either semilunar valve is heard between the ______ and ______ heart sound
First, second
75
The deterministic equation for a change in pressure in an elastic structure is _______
change in pressure = (change in volume) / (compliance)
76
The dicrotic notch is due to ____
the closing of the semilunar valves
77
The first heart sound is caused by _____
the closing of the atrioventricular valves
78
The second heart sound is caused by _____
the closing of the semilunar valves
79
The volume of blood in the left ventricle increases ______ in the first half of ventricular ______
fastest, filling
80
The volume of blood in the left ventricle decreases _____ in the first half of ventricular _____
fastest, ejection

BIOL 322 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions