Exam 1 Flashcards by Jenna Wilkerson

What is microbiology

study of small living things

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what is the working definition of microbiology

study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye (<0.2mm=200micrometers=200,000nanometers)

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Which of the following is cellular and which is acellular: Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses

Cellular: Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes
Acellular: Viruses

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Bacteria and archaea are ____

a) prokaryotes
b) eukaryotes
c) viruses

a) Prokaryotes

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fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths are _____

a) prokaryotes
b) eukaryotes
c) viruses

b) eukaryotes

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bacteriophage are ___

a) prokaryotes
b) eukaryotes
c) viruses

c) viruses

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Which of these sequences arranges the microbes from smallest to largest: 
1 Escherichia coli (bacterium)
2 Paramecium caudatum (Protozoa)
3 Adenovirus (virus)
4 Candida albicans (yeast)

Adenovirus (virus)
Escherichia coli (bacterium)
Candida albicans (yeast)
Paramecium caudatum (protozoa)

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What characteristics do both living organisms and viruses share?

Ability to reproduce and evolve

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what are the characteristics of living organisms

metabolism, reproduction, differentiation, communication, locomotion, evolution

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Which of the following are reasons it is important to study microbiology:

Microbes are the earliest organisms found in the fossil record
They perform essential reactions in the environment
microbes can be harnessed to work for us
they sometimes cause infectious diseases

all of the above are correct

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What is biotechnology

altering the use of microbes to produce useful products or modify other organisms

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T or F: all microbes cause infectious diseases

F: only a few percent of all microbes are associated with disease

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What is bacteriology

study of prokaryotes

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mycology

study of fungi

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phycology

study of algae

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protozoology

study of protozoa

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virology

study of viruses

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immunology

study of the immune system

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parasitology

study of parasites and their hosts

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Lipoteichoic acid is found in

a) gram positive cell
b) gram negative cell
c) endospore

a) gram positive cell

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____ have membranes made of mycolic acids and arabinogalactans

a) gram positive
b) endospores
c) mycobacteria
d) gram negative

c) mycobacteria

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____ have thin peptidoglycan layers covered by an outer membrane with toxigenic properties on many pathogens

a) gram negative
b) gram positive
c) mycobacteria

a) gram negative

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Which of the following is NOT a component of a lipopolysaccharide

a) Lipid A (six fatty acids)
b) (adaptor structure)
c) O-antigen (repeats)
d) A-antigen (singles)

d) A-antigen (singles)

this isn’t a real thing

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Which of the following is NOT true of Mycoplasma

a) true bacteria
b) ergosterol in membranes
c) very small in size
d) no peptidoglycan wall
e) variable in shape
f) are important pathogens
g) cholesterol in membranes

b) ergosterol in membranes

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Which of the following is NOT true of flagellum structures in bacteria a) bacterial locomotion b) electric motor c) dozens of proteins d) rotates rapidly e) many are reversible f) whip back and forth g) propels the cell through its environment

f) whip back and forth

Which of the following best describes the flagellar arrangement monotrichous a) a single flagellum at one end b) two flagella, one at each end c) a clump of flagella at one end d) flagella all around

a) a single flagellum at one end

What flagellar arrangement is two flagella, one at each end? a) monotrichous b) amphitrichous c) lophotrichous d) peritrichous

b) amphitrichous

Aristotle favored ____ a) biogenesis b) spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)

spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)

Who used heat and chemicals to treat the incoming gas (air) for their boiled media broth?

Schulze and Schwann

Who discovered endospores a) Pasteur b) Redi c) Hooke d) Cohn

Cohn

Who used carbolic acid (phenol) to clean hands, wound, and operating rooms for application of germ theory a) Hooke b) Pasteur c) Lister

c) Lister

What are the four parts of Koch's Postulate?

1. The suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of disease and absent from healthy animals 2. Isolate the pathogenic organism and grow in a pure culture 3. Cells from the pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal 4. The organism is reisolated into a pure culture that is identical to the original pure culture

Microbes belonged to which kingdom

monera

What did Woese use to classify his domains a) DNA b) 16S rRNA c) mRNA

b) 16S rRNA

Which of the following contain axial filaments? a) Spirochetes b) bacillus c) cocci

a) Spirochetes

What flagellar arrangement has a bundle of flagella at one end a. monotrichous b. amphitrichous c. lophotrichous d. peritirchous

c. lophotrichous

T or F: Peritrichous have flagella all around, not just at the ends

True

____ is the movement of a bacterium in response to chemical gradients and is described at "Run and Tumble" a) whipping b) rolling c) chemotaxis d) chemical shifts

c) chemotaxis

What movements is analogous to blindfolding your friend and having them walk around a) unbiased running b) planned walk c) Biased random walk d) unbiased jog

c) biased random walk

What attaches cells to surfaces a. fimbriae b. stalks c. pillars d. both a and b

both a and b, fimbriae and stalks

Most capsules/glycocalyx are made of: a) peptides b) carbohydrates

b) carbohydrates very few are made of peptides

What is the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects or points from one another called a) magnification b) resolution c) clarity d) distinguishing factor

b) resolution

What is the equation for resolving power (RP)

wavelength of light in nm/ 2 times numerical aperture

T or F: shorter wavelengths produce a better resolution

True

What is a clump of 4 cells in a single layer referred to as a. bacillus b. tetrad c. sarcina d. streptococci

b. tetrad

what bacterial cell shape is shaped like a bean a) coccus b) bacillus c) vibrio c) Spirillum

c) vibrio

which of the following is NOT an advantage of small size a) more surface area:cell volume b) faster growth rates c) faster evolution d) slower evolution

d) slower evolution

T or F: all cells have a cell membrane

True - this is the structure that defines the existence of a cell

A phospholipid consists of glycerol w/ ____ links to ___ fatty acids and a phosphoryl head group a) ether; 2 b) ester; 2 c) ether; 1 d) ester;1

b) ester; 2

T or F: bacterial membranes are 50% phospholipids and 50% proteins

True; bacterial membranes are equal parts phospholipids and proteins

Which of the following is NOT a function of a membrane a) structural support b) secretion of virulence factors c) transmission of communication signals d) ion transport and energy storage e) appear more intimidating to other cells

e) appear more intimidating to other cells

Membranes are ____ permeable a) fully b) non c) semi

c) semi

What is the purpose of the diffusion of weak acids and bases a) carry water into the cell b) change the structure of the cell c) change the pH of the cell d) protect the cell

c) change the pH of the cell

What are the two types of transport across a membrane? | Which requires transport proteins?

1. Passive transport | 2. Active transport - requires transport protein

____ reinforces eukaryotic membranes, ____ and _____ reinforce bacterial membranes a) hopanoids b) sterols c) hopanes c) steriods

b) sterols reinforce eukaryotic membranes | a) hopanoids and c) hopanes reinforce bacterial membranes

Bacteria are ____ a) diploid b) haploid

b) haploid

The total size of a prokaryote ribosome is 70S, which is made of two subunits ___ and ___ a) 50S and 20S b) 30S and 40S c) 60S and 10S d) 30S and 50S

d) 30S and 50S

What are extensively folded intracellular membraes called a) inner membranes b) endomembrane c) envelopes d) thylakoids

d) thylakoids

Polyhedral bodies packed w/ the enzyme Rubisco for CO2 fixation are ___ a) carboxysomes b) oxidizing agents c) gas vesicles

a) carboxysomes

What is the function of gas vesicles in phototrophs? a) nutrient storage b) transport c) increase buoyancy

c) increase buoyancy

____ ____ are inclusions bodies that store glycogen, PHB, sulfer, volutin, and magnetosomes

storage granules

What forms a "Z ring for septum placement" a) FtsZ b) MreB c) CreS d) DeG

a) FtsZ

What forms a coil inside rod-shaped cells a) bacillus b) MreB c) spirochetes d) CreS

b) MreB (b for bacillus)

What forms a polymer along the inner side of crescent-shaped bacterial a) cell membrane b) cell wall c) MreB d) CreS

d) CreS

What does the cell wall help with aside from the shape and rigidity of the cell a) transport b) protein synthesis c) withstand turgor pressure

withstand turgor presure

What consists of a single interlinked molecule a) cell membrane b) nuclear envelope c) bacterial endoplasmic reticulum d) bacterial cell wall/sacculus

d) bacterial cell wall/sacculus

Most bacterial cell walls are made of a) cellulose b) cholesterol c) peptidoglycan (murein) d) ergosterol

c) peptidoglycan (murein)

Peptidoglycan consists of ___ and ___ bound to a peptide of 4-6 amino acids that can form cross-bridges to parallel glycan strands

NAG and NAM

A bacterial envelope is additional layers that provide ____ and _____

structural support and protection

____ have a thick cell wall and stain the primary stain color, purple

gram-positive bacteria

____ have thin cell walls that and stain the secondary stain color pink

gram-negative bacteria

the phylum firmicutes are examples of _____-______ bacteria and the phylum proteobacteria are examples of _____-______ bacteria

gram-positive: Firmicutes | gram negative: Proteobacteria

Which of the following is NOT a common trait of bacteria a. RNA polymerase b. Ribosomal RNAs c. Translation factors d. all of the above are common traits of bacteria

d. all of the above are common traits of bacteria

What makes most bacterial cell walls? a. Chitin b. Chloropyll c. peptidoglycan

c. peptidoglycan

What are examples of Gram-Positive bactera

staphylococcus, streptococcus, listeria

Which bacteria are used in food production and preservation for things like yogurt and milk

Lactobacillus

What is another genera that is a fermentative bacteria

Streptococcus

What bacteria is used to make saurkraut

leuconostoc

What are the 2 key gram-positive bacteria that are nonsporulating bacillales and clostridiales

Listeria, staphylococcus

Staphylococcus is catalase-_______ and can tolerate ______

positive, drying

What are the key genera that are sporulating Bacillaes and Clostridiales (they make endospores)

Bacillus, Clostridium

Bacillus and Clostridium are gram-______ endospores

positive

What sporulating bacteria produces extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotics, and toxic insecticidal proteins

Bacillus

________ are pathogenic which causes botulism, tetanus, and gangrene

Clostridium

Tenericutes lack cells walls and include the genera _____

mycoplasma

Actinobacteria include _____ and _____ ______ _____

corneyform, propionic acid bacteria

A key genera of Actinobacteria is _______

corynebacterium

Actinobateria are mostly harmless commensals with the exception of _______

mycobacterium

Gram-______ Actinobacteria have acid-fast cell walls

positive

Aerial mycelia carry _____

arthrospores

Streptomyces is an example of gram-positive _____

actinobacteria

Gram-Negative Proteobacteria are the _____ group of cultured organisms

largest

Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Rickettsias are examples of _____

alpha proteobacteria

Nitrosomonas and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are examples of _____

Beta Proteobacteria

Lithotrophs are ______, which were the original phototrophs

Gamma proteobacteria

The anarobic rods "escherichia coli" are _______

enteric gamma proteobacteria

Myxococcus xanthus and Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus are ______ proteobacteria

delta

____ _____ are the delta proteobacteria that attacks other bacteria in "packs"

Myxococcus xanthus

_____ ______ is the delta proteobacteria that parasitizes other bacteria, grows in periplasm, and lyses host

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus

______ are ______ proteobacteria that cause stomach ulcers

Helicobacter pylori; eplison

Nitrospirae is ____ shape, and oxidizes nitritie to nitrate

spiral

_____ are obligate anaerobes that break down toxins in food

Bacteroides

_____ are green sulfur bacterium

Chlorobium

____ are flexible, narrow spiral shape and form axial filaments

spirochetes

_____ has a larger reticulate body and small elementary bodies

chlamydiae

Reticulate bodies _______ but small elementary bodies _________ and can be _________

Reticulate bodies can not survive outside host but small elementary bodies can survive outside host cells and can be transferred to new host

_____ is irregular shaped, contains tubulin, and is part of Planctomycetes

verrucomicrobia

______ are oxygenic phototrophs that contains thylakoids and carboxysomes

cyanobacteria

cyanobacteria form ____

akinetes

Chloroflexi are _____-______ _______ that live at high temperatures and have _____

deep-branching thermophiles; chlorosomes

______ is a source of PCR tests and belongs to the genera _______

Thermus aquaticus; Thermus

______ are radiation resistant

Deinococcus radiodurans

_____ are prokaryotic cells that look very much like bacteria but can also be oddly shaped

archaea

_____ have the widest range of temperature, environments, and unique biochemistry

archaea

____ and ____ are the 2 major phyla of archaea

crenarchaeotes and euryarchaeotes

Archaeal lipids have ___ glycerol and ___links.

L; ether

Bacterial lipids have __ glycerol and ____ links

D; ester

Thermophile lipids have a lipid _____

monolayer

Both Archaea and ___ have circular genomes and operons

bacteria

Both Archaea and ____ have introns and RNA polymerase with TBP, TFB

eukaryotes

_____ makes up the Archaea cell wall (name of molecule)

pseudopeptidoglycan

The Archaea cell wall uses ___ and ____ (polymers)

NAG and NAT

____ have an irregular shape and contain the unique lipid Crenarchaeol. Crenarchaeol is distinct because it contains ___

Crenarchaeota; six membered ring

What is the upper temperature limit for life

150 deg C

Monomers are adaptation for life at ____ temperatures and contain ____ concentrations of cytoplasmic solutes

high; high

____ and ____ are structural features that improve the thermostability of archaea

highly hydrophobic cores and increased ionic interactions

___ is the class of proteins that refold partially denatured proteins

chaperones

_____ is a major chaperonin protein complex in Pyrodictium

Thermosome

_____ intracellular solute and polyamine levels stabilize DNA and reverse DNA gyrase

high

archaea have positive _____ to stabilize the DNA

supercoils

_____ are DNA-binding proteins that compact DNA into nucleosome-like structures

Histones

____ _____ _____ form a lipid monolayer membrane structure in archaea

tetraether type lipids

rRNA ____ is another adaptation to life at high temperatures for archaea

stability

The Crenarchaeota "Nitrosopumilaes" ____ ammonia to fix CO2

oxidize

_____ are found in ice and seawater in Antarctica

crenarchaeota

Euryarchaeota includes the _______ which have 5 major orders

methanogens

_____ are elongated, round, flattened shapes that require high salt content

Halophiles

Most halophiles are _____

photoheterotrophs

Halophiles are part of______ and use _____ to pump out H+ and _____ pump in Cl-

Eukaryota; bacteriorhodopsin; halorhodopsin

_____ is the process by which rhodopsins signal to flagellum

phototaxis

Euryarchaeota includes ____, which do the opposite of methanogenesis by reducing sulfate to sulfide by oxidizing acetate to CO2

Archaeoglobales

____, _____, and ____ are new archaeal species being discovered

korarchaeota, thaumarchaeota, nanoarchaeota

____ is the emerging euryarchaeota that has a secret filament

korarchaeota

___ is the emerging euryarchaeota that does nitrification

thaumarchaeota

____ is the emergin euryarchaeota that is the hospitable fireball

nanoarchaeota

____ is not a living cell

virus

What are the 2 components that are ALWAYS in viruses

small genome and protein coat ("Capsid")

Viruses range from about __ to ____ nm

20 to 200 nm

_______ capsids have 20 triangular sides each made up of atleast 3 identical capsid proteins

icosahedral capsids

_____ capsids are long tubes of protein with genome inside

filamentous (helical)

____ capsids are a mixture of icosahedral and filamentous shapes

complex

Many complex capsids are ____ with ____ shapes

bacteriophages; asymmetrical

____ allows for fusion to the host cell for viruses

lipid envelopes

_____ are NON-enveloped

bacteriophages

Viruses can be ____ or ____ (genome type), __ or ___ (# strands), ___ or ____ (shape)

DNA or RNA; single or double stranded; linear or circular

what is an example of group 1

poxvirus

what type of genome structure does group 1 have

dsDNA

what is an example of a group II virus

parvovirus

what is the genome structure of group 2 viruses

ssDNA

what is an example of a group III virus

Epizootic Hemorrahagic Disease

what is the genome structure of a Group III virus

dsRNA

what is an example of a group IV virus

Poliovirus

what is the genome structure of group IV viruses

(+)ssRNA

what is an example of a group V virus

influenza virus

what is the genome structure of group V viruses

(-) ssRNA

what is an example of a group VI virus

HIV

what is the genome structure of VI viruses

RNA retroviruses

What is an example of a VII virus

Hepatitis B

What is the genome structure of VII

DNA pararetroviruses

``` Bacteriophage life cycle 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ```

1. attach to the host cell 2. inject genome 3. replicate genome 4. synthesize capsid protein 5. assemble progeny phage 6. lyse cell wall to release progeny phase

In the Hershey-Chase Experiment, radioactively labeled ___ with 35S methionine and ____ with 32P Phosphate before infecting the E. coli

protein; DNA

In the ____ cycle, the phage quickly replicates and kills host cell

lytic

In the ___ cycle the phage is quiescent, meaning it integrates into host cell genome and replicates when the host genome divides. The phage later reactivates to become lytic killing host

lysogenic

Bacteriophage use cell components to _____ ____, assemble ____ ____, and exit from cell

synthesize capsids; progeny phages

What makes protein to depolymerize peptidoglycan and bursts host cell to release progeny phage

lysis

what uses filamentous phages that can extrude individual progenies through the cell envelope

slow release

In the eukaryotic virus life cycle, viruses attach to host cell receptor and enter the host cell by injecting its genome directly and being taken up via endocytosis (_______) where is it brough into cell in an endosome

viropexis

Genome replication: ____ viruses must go to cell nucleus

DNA

Genome replication: ___ viruses must encode a viral polymerase

RNA

Only _____ can be used as mRNA

(+) ssRNA

All viruses use ___ ____ to make proteins

host ribosomes

Budding is used in ____ virus life cycles

eukaryotic

Culturing viruses 1. 2. 3.

1. Viruses bound to host 2. eclipse period 3. rapid rise period

In the ____ period, viruses are making proteins, genomes, and assembling. There is no detectable virus

eclipse

when the virus binds to host the free virus concentration ____

drops

a ____ is a "colony" of viruses

plaque

___ are present in all environments and ___ densities

viruses; high

____ are single-stranded naked RNA plant pathogens; circle shape and very small

viroids

____ are animal pathogens that can be referred to as "slow viruses"; these have defectively folded host proteins

prions

what is an example of prions

creutzfeld-jakob disease

DNA in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell exists as _____

chromatin

The genetic material of eukaryotic cells is multiple _______ ________

linear chromosomes

DNA in the eukaryotic cell is condensed on proteins called _______

histones

The total size of the eukaryote ribosome is ____

80S

The _____ _____ is the protein trafficking center

golgi body

What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton

Actin, microtubles, intermediate filaments

______ are a lipid-enclosed space

vacuoles

Flagellum in Eukaryotes don't ____ but _______ _____ ___ ____

don't spin; waves like an oar

Eukaryote flagellum have a _______ core

microtubule

Eukaryote capsules are made of ______ ______

polymeric sugars (polysaccharides)

__________ includes animals and fungi

opisthokonts

Opisthokonts have _____ flagellum

single (eukaryotic)

_____ includes algae and plants

viridiplantae

Cryptophyte algae are _____

protists

the vestigial nucleus that engulfed algae still maintain their DNA in is called the ______

nucleomorph

The 5 multiple clades of protists are...

``` amoebozoa and cercozoa alveolates heterokonts euglenozoa excavates ```

the cell walls of fungi is made of _____

chitin

branching forms of fungi hyphal tips is called ______

mycelia

fungi yeasts reproduce ____ by mitosis and ______ by meiosis

asexually; sexually

Chytrids (a group of fungi) are motile germ cells that have a ____ reproductive form

flagellated

The zygomycetes that forms bread mold is

Rhizopus

______ have sexual spores in sac like structures and includes Neospora

ascomycetes

Examples of ascomycetes include _____, _____, and ______

neurospora, penicillium, and morels

Basidiospores are found in_______

basidiomycetes

Examples of basidiomycetes are ____ and ______

mushrooms and cryptococcus

All algae have ____, most have _____ flagella

chloroplasts, paired flagella

the cell wall of algae is made of _____ or _____

glycoprotein or cellulose

______ have contractile vacuoles

algae

______ concentrates CO2 for fixation in algae

pyrenoid

an example of chlorophyta is ______ algae

green

an example of rhodophya is ____ algae

red

Red algae is used to make ____

agar

Secondary endosymbionts are ________ engulfed by a ______

algae engulfed by a protist

Examples of secondary endosymbionts are ______ and _____ ______

diatoms and brown algae

an example of the secondary endosymbiont diatoms is ______

bacillariophyta

an example of brown algae is ______

phaeophyceae

amoebozoa have lobe-shaped _______

pseudopods

______ molds are an example of amoebozoa

slime

_____ are amoebas with filament-shaped pseudopods

Radiolarians

_____ are shelled amoebas with shells made of calcium carbonate

foraminiferans

_____ are flattened vacuoles at the outer cortex of Alveolates

alveola

____ stabilize the structure of alveolates

microtubules

the group of alveolates with many cilia for motility are called ____

ciliates

The group of alveolates that have neurotoxins that cause the red tide are _____

dinoflagellates

apicomplexans have a _____ derived from chloroplast

apicoplast

____ is a group related to photosynthetic Euglenozoa

Trypanosomes

the eukaryotic group ____ lack mitochondria

excavates

Exam 1 Flashcards

(237 cards)