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exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define genetics

A

science dealing with heridity and variation; seeks to discover laws governing similarities and differenced in relation by desent

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2
Q

what are animal genetics?

A

the study of the principles of inheritance in animals

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3
Q

what is animal breeding?

A

application of the principles of animal genetics with the goal of improving animals

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4
Q

what is the purpose of animal breeding?

A

improce the economic efficiency of livestock production genetically

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5
Q

what is the main tool of animal breeding

A

selection

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6
Q

what does livestock improvement consist of?

A

changes in shape/structure

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7
Q

change is ________ and ______

A

important/needed

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8
Q

what is natural selection?

A

changes in nature without human intervention

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9
Q

what is artificial selection?

A

happens in livestock/domestic animals due to human intervention

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10
Q

what does natural selction create?(7)

A

strength, size, intelligence, color, defense strageties, flexibility, and longevity

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11
Q

what did animal domestication allow?

A

civilization to happen

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12
Q

what type of pathways are there? (3)

A

commensal, prey, and directed

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13
Q

what is a commensal pathway and an example?

A

humans help animals, and animals help humans. ex:dogs and cats

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14
Q

what is the prey pathway and an example?

A

humans kill animals. ex: cattle/sheep/goats

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15
Q

what is a directed pathway and examples?

A

humans use animals. ex: horses, donkeys, and camalids

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16
Q

robert bakewell lived from ____-____ and was the father of _____ ________.

A

1725-1795; animal breeding

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17
Q

what concept AND system did he come up with?

A

purebred concept; in and in mating system

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18
Q

what was the process of the purebred concept? (3 steps)

A
  1. set breeding goals
  2. develop early bull progeny (offspring preformance) test
  3. develop record system
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19
Q

what are the two possible types of breed development?

A
  1. self domestication with human intervention

2. human domestication and human intervention

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20
Q

describe the steps of self dometication/human intervention (5)

A
  1. selection of tameness
  2. limited breeding
  3. intentional breeding
  4. trait standardization
  5. eliminate wild genes
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21
Q

describe the steps in human domestication/human intervention (7)

A
  1. control herd movement
  2. eliminate problems
  3. selection of tamest
  4. limited breeding
  5. intentional breeding
  6. trait standardization
  7. eliminate wild genes
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22
Q

genetic selection effects

  1. __% more milk with __% fewer cows
  2. swine went from a : ratio to a ___:_ ratio
  3. wool increased in volume _ times
  4. laying hens lay __x more eggs
  5. broilers get to culling size in about ____ the time
A
  1. 35; 63
    6:1; 2.5:1
    4
    20
    half
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23
Q

what js the central dogma?

A

dna->rna->protein

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24
Q

what did friedrich miescher do?

A

isolated chemicals from nuclei of white blood cells in 1868

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25
Q

what did miescher use for his research?

A

pus from bandages

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26
Q

in ____ Avery made ___-______ bacteria become ________.

A

1943; non-infectious, infectious

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27
Q

in ____, hershey and chase injected a _____ into ___ to make new _______

A

1952; virus, dna, viruses

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28
Q

in ____, griffith experimented with a _______ virulent strain and a _____ nonvirulent strain

A

1928; smooth, rough

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29
Q

if living _ and heat-killed _ combine, _ revives

A

R, S, S

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30
Q

in hershy and chase’s experiment DNA is labeled ___ and protein as ___

A

32P; 35S

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31
Q

what did watson and crick discover?

A

that DNA is a double helix

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32
Q

what does deoxyribose lack?

A

one oxygen

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33
Q

what is a gene?

A

a section of the dna

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34
Q 
chromosome numbers 
1. dog 
2. cat
3. cow
4. sheep
5. goats
6. pigs
7. chickens
8. turkeys 
9. camels/llamas/alpacas
10. horse
11. donkey
12. mouse
13. rabbit
14. rat
15 human
A
  1. 78
  2. 38
  3. 60
  4. 54
  5. 60
  6. 38
  7. 78
  8. 80
  9. 74
  10. 64
  11. 62
  12. 20
  13. 44
  14. 21
  15. 23
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35
Q

what type of bond does A and T have? C and G?

A

double; triple

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36
Q

what did rosalind franklin discover?

A

dna was coiled and 2 nm wide

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37
Q

dna is the __________ of life.

A

blueprint

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38
Q

what are nucleotides composed of?

A

a five carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

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39
Q

what is dna composed of?

A

a polymer of nucleotides

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40
Q

purine vs pyrimidine bases

A

purine: larger;A&G
pyrimidine: smaller; C&T

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41
Q

what are the requirements of dna to be genetic material? (4)

A
  1. must carry information
  2. must replicate
  3. must allow for information to change
  4. must govern the expression of the phenotype
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42
Q

dna is unwound by the _____.

A

helicase

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43
Q

what do the enzymes pol3 and pol1 do?

A

pol3- produces new strands of complementary data

pol1- fills in gaps between newly synthesized okazaki fragments (lagging strands)

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44
Q

what type of replication is dna replication?

A

semi-conservative replication

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45
Q

what does primase do?

A

creates RNA primers to start synthesis

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46
Q

what does ligase do?

A

welds together okazaki fragments

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47
Q

replication is __________

A

bidirectional

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48
Q

what do telomeres ensure?

A

the maintenance and accurate replication of chromosome ends

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49
Q

what is topoisomerase?

A

an enzyme that relaxes supercoils by nicking strands

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50
Q

what is redundory?

A

basis for repair of errors that occur during replication

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51
Q

enzymes repair __________ damage to ___

A

chemical; DNA

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52
Q

dna is ________ genetic material

A

universal

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53
Q

what is RNA? what does it contain?

A

ribonucleic acid. ribose sugar.

54
Q

in RNA, what does T (thymine) in RNA?

A

Uracil (U)

55
Q

RNA is ____ stable and _______ live long.

A

not; doesnt

56
Q

what are the rna types? (3)

A
  1. messenger rna
  2. ribosomal rna
  3. transfer rna
57
Q

what is transcription and where does it occur?

A

dna being converted to rna; the nucleus

58
Q

what are removed from the coding strand?

A

introns

59
Q

what are the three modifications of mRNA

A
  1. capping (7-methyl guanine cap at the 5’ end)
  2. polyadenylation (poly-a tail at 3’ end)
  3. intron splicing
60
Q

what is a codon?

A

three consecutive bases on mRNA

61
Q

how many codons are in the genetic code?

A

64

62
Q

what are the termination codons?

A

UGA, UAA, UAG

63
Q

what is the start codon?

A

AUG

64
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

29

65
Q

what is translation? where does it occur?

A

protein synthesizes to amino acid. occurs in ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

66
Q

what two things do ribosomes consist of?

A

a large and small subunit

67
Q

what does tRNA do?

A

transports specific codon to a ribosome

68
Q

TRANSLATION STEPS

  1. mRNA leaves the ________ to go to the _________
  2. mRNA binds to the _______ ribosomal unit
  3. tRNA brings ______ _____ to the ribosome
  4. amino acid bonds to another amino acid and forms a __________ molecule
A
  1. nucleus; ribosome
  2. small
    3 amino acids
  3. polypeptide
69
Q

where does protein synthesis occur?

A

the cytoplasm

70
Q

amino acids are _________ of protein molecules

A

subunits

71
Q

the ______ of amino acids determine the molecules of 3-D shapes

A

order

72
Q

what is a dna mutation?

A

change in dna sequence that may pass along to future generations

73
Q

what is a point mutation?

A

a single based substitution

74
Q

what is a deletion?

A

a dna segment is lost

75
Q

what is insertion?

A

a segment of dna is added

76
Q

what is a frame shift mutation?

A

shift in the reading frame, resulting in all codins downstream being different

77
Q

what does a sperm cell and egg cell create?

A

a zygote

78
Q

what are chromatids?

A

identical copies

79
Q

what are the steps of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

80
Q

what does the law of segregation state?

A

individuals have two factors of each trait

81
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

have alleles for the same genes at specific locations

82
Q

what does the law of independent assortment state?

A

each pair of factors assorted independently

83
Q

what is non-additive gene action? what are examples of it?

A

qualitative genes being controlled by a few genes. complete dominance, incomplete dominance/no dominance, epistasis, and recessive epistasis.

84
Q

what is complete dominance?

A

one allele of a pair can mask the exression of another.

85
Q

what is incomplete dominance?

A

heterozygotes having a different phenotype.

86
Q

what is epistasis?

A

interactions between non-allelic genes

87
Q 
what are the genotypes for:
bay
buckskin
cremello
palomino
chestnut
A 
CCB_
CcB_
cc_ _
ccbb
CCbb
88
Q

what is sex determined by?

A

the inheritance of the entire chromosomes

89
Q

callicos are piebald. what does that mean?

A

their genes allow white fur to show up

90
Q

what is x-chromosome inactivation?

A

barr bodies inactivating one of the X chromosomes

91
Q

what are sex influenced genes?

A

trait expression is different between males and females

92
Q

what does sex limited mean?

A

the expression of a trait only occurs in one sex

93
Q

what is pleioteophy?

A

one gene affecting more than one trait

94
Q

what is variablw expressivity?

A

existance of grade of a trait (ie- skincolor)

95
Q

what is incomplete penetrance?

A

not all organisms in a genotype express the normal phenotype

96
Q

define lethal

A

embryonic death, or death shortly after birth

97
Q

what is semi-lethal?

A

death before puberty

98
Q

what does detrimental mean?

A

reduction in fitness or productivity

99
Q

what does gene linkage mean?

A

two traits travel together through meiosis

100
Q

what are quantitative traits?

A

traits expressed over a range and are controlled by many genes

101
Q

true or false: heriditablity is a trait.

A

false

102
Q

what does h^2 equal?

A

Vg+Vp

103
Q

what does VG stand for? VP?

A

genotypic variance. phenotypic variance.

104
Q

What does Vp=?

A

Vg+Ve

*Ve- environmental variance

105
Q

what does h^2 equal in a broad sense?

A

Vg/Vg+Ve

106
Q

Vg=?

A

Bv+GcV

breeding value; genetic combination value

107
Q

what does h^2 equal in a narrow sense?

A

Bv/Vp

108
Q

what does h^2 range from?

A

0-1

109
Q

what standard is 0.01-0.2?

A

low

110
Q

what standard us .21-.4?

A

moderate

111
Q

what standard is >.41?

A

high

112
Q

what are the 4 major evolutionary mechanisms?

A

genetic drift, natural selection, mutatiom, migration

113
Q

what is a population?

A

a group of individuals within a species

114
Q

what are the five requirements for hardy weinberg?

A

large pop. size, random mating, no mutation, no natural selection, no migration.

115
Q

what is the hardy weinberg theorum?

A

the population doesnt evolve, and the genotypes remain CONSTANT

116
Q

what are statistics used for? (3)

A

evaluation of numbers
describes population
estimates unknown value

117
Q

how are traits measured?

A

eithet by variation or discontinuous variation

118
Q

what are examples of continuous variation?

A

quantitative traits, many genes, highly complex

119
Q

what happens in a random sample?

A

data is analyzed

120
Q

what is the oopulation perameter

A

a descriptive measure of the population

121
Q

what is a sample statistic?

A

numerical description of a sample

122
Q

what is central tendancy?

A

when values cluster at the midpoint and thin out at both extremes

123
Q

what is the median?

A

the halfway value between two extrmes

124
Q

what is the mode

A

class with the highest frequency

125
Q

what is the mean?

A

average

126
Q

PVT

A

proline
valine
trytophan

127
Q

TIM

A

threonine
isoleueine
methianine

128
Q

HALL

A

histidine, alanine, leucine, lycine

129
Q

CATS

A

cysteine, arginine, tyrosine, serine

130
Q

GAG

A

glycine, asparogine, glutamine

131
Q

GAP

A

glutemic acd, aspartic acid, phenylalnine

ans exam (3 decks)

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