exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
define genetics
A
science dealing with heridity and variation; seeks to discover laws governing similarities and differenced in relation by desent
2
Q
what are animal genetics?
A
the study of the principles of inheritance in animals
3
Q
what is animal breeding?
A
application of the principles of animal genetics with the goal of improving animals
4
Q
what is the purpose of animal breeding?
A
improce the economic efficiency of livestock production genetically
5
Q
what is the main tool of animal breeding
A
selection
6
Q
what does livestock improvement consist of?
A
changes in shape/structure
7
Q
change is ________ and ______
A
important/needed
8
Q
what is natural selection?
A
changes in nature without human intervention
9
Q
what is artificial selection?
A
happens in livestock/domestic animals due to human intervention
10
Q
what does natural selction create?(7)
A
strength, size, intelligence, color, defense strageties, flexibility, and longevity
11
Q
what did animal domestication allow?
A
civilization to happen
12
Q
what type of pathways are there? (3)
A
commensal, prey, and directed
13
Q
what is a commensal pathway and an example?
A
humans help animals, and animals help humans. ex:dogs and cats
14
Q
what is the prey pathway and an example?
A
humans kill animals. ex: cattle/sheep/goats
15
Q
what is a directed pathway and examples?
A
humans use animals. ex: horses, donkeys, and camalids
16
Q
robert bakewell lived from ____-____ and was the father of _____ ________.
A
1725-1795; animal breeding
17
Q
what concept AND system did he come up with?
A
purebred concept; in and in mating system
18
Q
what was the process of the purebred concept? (3 steps)
A
- set breeding goals
- develop early bull progeny (offspring preformance) test
- develop record system
19
Q
what are the two possible types of breed development?
A
- self domestication with human intervention
2. human domestication and human intervention
20
Q
describe the steps of self dometication/human intervention (5)
A
- selection of tameness
- limited breeding
- intentional breeding
- trait standardization
- eliminate wild genes
21
Q
describe the steps in human domestication/human intervention (7)
A
- control herd movement
- eliminate problems
- selection of tamest
- limited breeding
- intentional breeding
- trait standardization
- eliminate wild genes
22
Q
genetic selection effects
- __% more milk with __% fewer cows
- swine went from a : ratio to a ___:_ ratio
- wool increased in volume _ times
- laying hens lay __x more eggs
- broilers get to culling size in about ____ the time
A
- 35; 63
6:1; 2.5:1
4
20
half
23
Q
what js the central dogma?
A
dna->rna->protein
24
Q
what did friedrich miescher do?
A
isolated chemicals from nuclei of white blood cells in 1868
25
what did miescher use for his research?
pus from bandages
26
in ____ Avery made ___-______ bacteria become ________.
1943; non-infectious, infectious
27
in ____, hershey and chase injected a _____ into ___ to make new _______
1952; virus, dna, viruses
28
in ____, griffith experimented with a _______ virulent strain and a _____ nonvirulent strain
1928; smooth, rough
29
if living _ and heat-killed _ combine, _ revives
R, S, S
30
in hershy and chase’s experiment DNA is labeled ___ and protein as ___
32P; 35S
31
what did watson and crick discover?
that DNA is a double helix
32
what does deoxyribose lack?
one oxygen
33
what is a gene?
a section of the dna
34
```
chromosome numbers
1. dog
2. cat
3. cow
4. sheep
5. goats
6. pigs
7. chickens
8. turkeys
9. camels/llamas/alpacas
10. horse
11. donkey
12. mouse
13. rabbit
14. rat
15 human
```
1. 78
2. 38
3. 60
4. 54
5. 60
6. 38
7. 78
8. 80
9. 74
10. 64
11. 62
12. 20
13. 44
14. 21
15. 23
35
what type of bond does A and T have? C and G?
double; triple
36
what did rosalind franklin discover?
dna was coiled and 2 nm wide
37
dna is the __________ of life.
blueprint
38
what are nucleotides composed of?
a five carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
39
what is dna composed of?
a polymer of nucleotides
40
purine vs pyrimidine bases
purine: larger;A&G
pyrimidine: smaller; C&T
41
what are the requirements of dna to be genetic material? (4)
1. must carry information
2. must replicate
3. must allow for information to change
4. must govern the expression of the phenotype
42
dna is unwound by the _____.
helicase
43
what do the enzymes pol3 and pol1 do?
pol3- produces new strands of complementary data
| pol1- fills in gaps between newly synthesized okazaki fragments (lagging strands)
44
what type of replication is dna replication?
semi-conservative replication
45
what does primase do?
creates RNA primers to start synthesis
46
what does ligase do?
welds together okazaki fragments
47
replication is __________
bidirectional
48
what do telomeres ensure?
the maintenance and accurate replication of chromosome ends
49
what is topoisomerase?
an enzyme that relaxes supercoils by nicking strands
50
what is redundory?
basis for repair of errors that occur during replication
51
enzymes repair __________ damage to ___
chemical; DNA
52
dna is ________ genetic material
universal
53
what is RNA? what does it contain?
ribonucleic acid. ribose sugar.
54
in RNA, what does T (thymine) in RNA?
Uracil (U)
55
RNA is ____ stable and _______ live long.
not; doesnt
56
what are the rna types? (3)
1. messenger rna
2. ribosomal rna
3. transfer rna
57
what is transcription and where does it occur?
dna being converted to rna; the nucleus
58
what are removed from the coding strand?
introns
59
what are the three modifications of mRNA
1. capping (7-methyl guanine cap at the 5’ end)
2. polyadenylation (poly-a tail at 3’ end)
3. intron splicing
60
what is a codon?
three consecutive bases on mRNA
61
how many codons are in the genetic code?
64
62
what are the termination codons?
UGA, UAA, UAG
63
what is the start codon?
AUG
64
how many amino acids are there?
29
65
what is translation? where does it occur?
protein synthesizes to amino acid. occurs in ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
66
what two things do ribosomes consist of?
a large and small subunit
67
what does tRNA do?
transports specific codon to a ribosome
68
TRANSLATION STEPS
1. mRNA leaves the ________ to go to the _________
2. mRNA binds to the _______ ribosomal unit
3. tRNA brings ______ _____ to the ribosome
4. amino acid bonds to another amino acid and forms a __________ molecule
1. nucleus; ribosome
2. small
3 amino acids
4. polypeptide
69
where does protein synthesis occur?
the cytoplasm
70
amino acids are _________ of protein molecules
subunits
71
the ______ of amino acids determine the molecules of 3-D shapes
order
72
what is a dna mutation?
change in dna sequence that may pass along to future generations
73
what is a point mutation?
a single based substitution
74
what is a deletion?
a dna segment is lost
75
what is insertion?
a segment of dna is added
76
what is a frame shift mutation?
shift in the reading frame, resulting in all codins downstream being different
77
what does a sperm cell and egg cell create?
a zygote
78
what are chromatids?
identical copies
79
what are the steps of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
80
what does the law of segregation state?
individuals have two factors of each trait
81
what are homologous chromosomes?
have alleles for the same genes at specific locations
82
what does the law of independent assortment state?
each pair of factors assorted independently
83
what is non-additive gene action? what are examples of it?
qualitative genes being controlled by a few genes. complete dominance, incomplete dominance/no dominance, epistasis, and recessive epistasis.
84
what is complete dominance?
one allele of a pair can mask the exression of another.
85
what is incomplete dominance?
heterozygotes having a different phenotype.
86
what is epistasis?
interactions between non-allelic genes
87
```
what are the genotypes for:
bay
buckskin
cremello
palomino
chestnut
```
```
CCB_
CcB_
cc_ _
ccbb
CCbb
```
88
what is sex determined by?
the inheritance of the entire chromosomes
89
callicos are piebald. what does that mean?
their genes allow white fur to show up
90
what is x-chromosome inactivation?
barr bodies inactivating one of the X chromosomes
91
what are sex influenced genes?
trait expression is different between males and females
92
what does sex limited mean?
the expression of a trait only occurs in one sex
93
what is pleioteophy?
one gene affecting more than one trait
94
what is variablw expressivity?
existance of grade of a trait (ie- skincolor)
95
what is incomplete penetrance?
not all organisms in a genotype express the normal phenotype
96
define lethal
embryonic death, or death shortly after birth
97
what is semi-lethal?
death before puberty
98
what does detrimental mean?
reduction in fitness or productivity
99
what does gene linkage mean?
two traits travel together through meiosis
100
what are quantitative traits?
traits expressed over a range and are controlled by many genes
101
true or false: heriditablity is a trait.
false
102
what does h^2 equal?
Vg+Vp
103
what does VG stand for? VP?
genotypic variance. phenotypic variance.
104
What does Vp=?
Vg+Ve
| *Ve- environmental variance
105
what does h^2 equal in a broad sense?
Vg/Vg+Ve
106
Vg=?
Bv+GcV
| breeding value; genetic combination value
107
what does h^2 equal in a narrow sense?
Bv/Vp
108
what does h^2 range from?
0-1
109
what standard is 0.01-0.2?
low
110
what standard us .21-.4?
moderate
111
what standard is >.41?
high
112
what are the 4 major evolutionary mechanisms?
genetic drift, natural selection, mutatiom, migration
113
what is a population?
a group of individuals within a species
114
what are the five requirements for hardy weinberg?
large pop. size, random mating, no mutation, no natural selection, no migration.
115
what is the hardy weinberg theorum?
the population doesnt evolve, and the genotypes remain CONSTANT
116
what are statistics used for? (3)
evaluation of numbers
describes population
estimates unknown value
117
how are traits measured?
eithet by variation or discontinuous variation
118
what are examples of continuous variation?
quantitative traits, many genes, highly complex
119
what happens in a random sample?
data is analyzed
120
what is the oopulation perameter
a descriptive measure of the population
121
what is a sample statistic?
numerical description of a sample
122
what is central tendancy?
when values cluster at the midpoint and thin out at both extremes
123
what is the median?
the halfway value between two extrmes
124
what is the mode
class with the highest frequency
125
what is the mean?
average
126
PVT
proline
valine
trytophan
127
TIM
threonine
isoleueine
methianine
128
HALL
histidine, alanine, leucine, lycine
129
CATS
cysteine, arginine, tyrosine, serine
130
GAG
glycine, asparogine, glutamine
131
GAP
glutemic acd, aspartic acid, phenylalnine
